Kouba Erik, Wallen Eric M, Pruthi Raj S
Division of Urologic Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
J Urol. 2007 Jan;177(1):50-2. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.111.
In antiquity the visual examination of urine (uroscopy) is well documented. Uroscopy gradually evolved from a prognostic indicator to a diagnostic tool. Comparison of the uses of uroscopy by Hippocrates (400 BC) and Theophilus (700 AD) illustrates this transformation.
We reviewed medical and historical literature as well as the translated works of Hippocrates.
Although Hippocrates was one of the first physicians to use urine to interpret human body functioning, urine was mainly used as a means for prognosis and prediction of outcomes of illness. In his text De Urinis Theophilus introduced an innovative doctrine and used uroscopy for diagnosis of illnesses. In this respect uroscopy became a paradigm for later diagnostic strategies and is considered an important milestone in the history of clinical diagnosis.
Hippocrates' writings displayed uroscopy used in examination of illness. However, he considered it in the context for accurate prognoses. Theophilus treated uroscopy in a sophisticated objective manner and attempted to use uroscopy in an orderly, systemic method to accurately diagnose illness. It was through these approaches to uroscopy that Theophilus became one of the physicians who contributed to the birth of medieval medical studies.
在古代，尿液的视觉检查（尿液检查）有充分的文献记载。尿液检查逐渐从一种预后指标演变为一种诊断工具。比较希波克拉底（公元前400年）和西奥菲勒斯（公元700年）对尿液检查的使用情况可说明这种转变。
我们查阅了医学和历史文献以及希波克拉底的翻译作品。
尽管希波克拉底是最早使用尿液来解读人体功能的医生之一，但尿液主要被用作疾病预后和结果预测的手段。西奥菲勒斯在其《论尿液》一文中引入了一种创新学说，并将尿液检查用于疾病诊断。在这方面，尿液检查成为后来诊断策略的范例，并被视为临床诊断史上的一个重要里程碑。
希波克拉底的著作展示了尿液检查在疾病检查中的应用。然而，他是在准确预后的背景下考虑它的。西奥菲勒斯以一种复杂客观的方式对待尿液检查，并试图以有序、系统的方法使用尿液检查来准确诊断疾病。正是通过这些尿液检查方法，西奥菲勒斯成为了推动中世纪医学研究诞生的医生之一。
