Brown Joseph W, van Coeverden de Groot Peter J, Birt Tim P, Seutin Gilles, Boag Peter T, Friesen Vicki L
Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Mol Ecol. 2007 Jan;16(2):327-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03151.x.
Peregrine falcon populations underwent devastating declines in the mid-20th century due to the bioaccumulation of organochlorine contaminants, becoming essentially extirpated east of the Great Plains and significantly reduced elsewhere in North America. Extensive re-introduction programs and restrictions on pesticide use in Canada and the United States have returned many populations to predecline sizes. A proper population genetic appraisal of the consequences of this decline requires an appropriate context defined by (i) meaningful demographic entities; and (ii) suitable reference populations. Here we explore the validity of currently recognized subspecies designations using data from the mitochondrial control region and 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci taken from 184 contemporary individuals from across the breeding range, and compare patterns of population genetic structure with historical patterns inferred from 95 museum specimens. Of the three North American subspecies, the west coast marine subspecies Falco peregrinus pealei is well differentiated genetically in both time periods using nuclear loci. In contrast, the partitioning of continental Falco peregrinus anatum and arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius subspecies is not substantiated, as individuals from these subspecies are historically indistinguishable genetically. Bayesian clustering analyses demonstrate that contemporary genetic differentiation between these two subspecies is mainly due to changes within F. p. anatum (specifically the southern F. p. anatum populations). Despite expectations and a variety of tests, no genetic bottleneck signature is found in the identified populations; in fact, many contemporary indices of diversity are higher than historical values. These results are rationalized by the promptness of the recovery and the possible introduction of new genetic material.
在20世纪中叶，由于有机氯污染物的生物累积，游隼种群数量急剧下降，在大平原以东地区基本灭绝，在北美其他地区也大幅减少。加拿大和美国广泛开展的重新引入计划以及对农药使用的限制，已使许多种群数量恢复到下降前的规模。要对这种下降的后果进行恰当的种群遗传学评估，需要由（i）有意义的种群实体；以及（ii）合适的参照种群来定义一个适当的背景。在这里，我们利用来自线粒体控制区的数据以及从繁殖范围内184个当代个体中选取的11个多态微卫星位点，探讨当前认可的亚种分类的有效性，并将种群遗传结构模式与从95个博物馆标本推断出的历史模式进行比较。在北美三个亚种中，西海岸海洋亚种白腰隼（Falco peregrinus pealei）在两个时期使用核基因座时在遗传上都有很好的区分。相比之下，大陆的美洲隼（Falco peregrinus anatum）和北极的矛隼（Falco peregrinus tundrius）亚种的划分没有得到证实，因为这些亚种的个体在历史上遗传上无法区分。贝叶斯聚类分析表明，这两个亚种之间当代的遗传分化主要是由于美洲隼内部的变化（特别是南部的美洲隼种群）。尽管有预期和各种测试，但在所确定的种群中未发现遗传瓶颈特征；事实上，许多当代多样性指标高于历史值。这些结果可以通过恢复的迅速性以及可能引入新的遗传物质来解释。
