Cooke Martin
Sociology Department and Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Dr. W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
Can J Aging. 2006 Winter;25(4):387-400. doi: 10.1353/cja.2007.0015.
In response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supra-national bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.
为应对预期的人口老龄化压力，各国政府以及经济合作与发展组织（OECD）和欧盟（EU）等超国家机构纷纷推行政策，鼓励老年工人参与劳动力市场。安大略省最近取消强制退休规定就是这类政策的一个例子，其他政策还包括国家养老金制度的变革、残疾和就业保险计划的调整、积极的劳动力市场政策，以及对分阶段或逐步退休的推广。本文回顾了“新经济中的劳动力老龄化”（WANE）项目所涵盖的六个国家采取的不同政策方法，并将加拿大的政策方法与澳大利亚、德国、荷兰、英国和美国的政策方法进行了对比。从生命历程的角度来看，这里讨论的政策方法没有考虑老年工人生命历程的异质性或健康与家庭等相关领域。此外，迄今为止所做的变革似乎不太可能导致老年工人劳动力参与率的提高，而且有些变革可能会使老年工人面临低收入和低薪工作的更大风险。
