Drewnowski Adam, Bellisle France
Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3410, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):651-61. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.651.
The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been linked to rising rates of obesity in the United States. The standard explanation is that energy-containing liquids are less satiating than are solid foods. However, purely physiologic mechanisms do not fully account for the proposed links between liquid sugar energy and body weight change. First, a reevaluation of published epidemiologic studies of consumption of sweetened beverages and overweight shows that most such studies either are cross-sectional or are based on passive surveillance of temporal trends and thus permit no conclusions about causal links. Second, research evidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusive. Numerous clinical studies have shown that sugar-containing liquids, when consumed in place of usual meals, can lead to a significant and sustained weight loss. The principal ingredient of liquid meal replacement shakes is sugar, often high-fructose corn syrup, which is present in amounts comparable to those in soft drinks. Far from suppressing satiety, one such liquid shake is marketed on the grounds that it helps control hunger and prevents hunger longer when consumed for the purpose of weight loss. These inconsistencies raise the question whether the issue of sugars and body weight should continue to be framed purely in metabolic or physiologic terms. The effect of sugar consumption on body weight can also depend on behavioral intent, context, and the mode of use, availability, and cost of sweetened liquids.
在美国，含糖饮料的消费与肥胖率上升有关。标准的解释是，含能量的液体不如固体食物那样让人有饱腹感。然而，单纯的生理机制并不能完全解释液体糖能量与体重变化之间的假定联系。首先，对已发表的关于含糖饮料消费与超重的流行病学研究进行重新评估后发现，大多数此类研究要么是横断面研究，要么是基于对时间趋势的被动监测，因此无法得出因果关系的结论。其次，比较不同类型液体和固体短期饱腹感的研究证据尚无定论。大量临床研究表明，当含糖液体替代正常餐食时，会导致显著且持续的体重减轻。液体代餐奶昔的主要成分是糖，通常是高果糖玉米糖浆，其含量与软饮料中的含量相当。一种这样的液体奶昔非但不会抑制饱腹感，反而以有助于控制饥饿且在用于减肥目的时能更长时间防止饥饿为卖点进行销售。这些矛盾之处引发了一个问题，即糖与体重的问题是否应继续单纯从代谢或生理角度来阐述。糖的消费对体重的影响还可能取决于行为意图、背景以及含糖液体的使用方式、可得性和成本。
