Pedersen Bente Klarlund, Akerström Thorbjörn C A, Nielsen Anders R, Fischer Christian P
Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, 7641 Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Sep;103(3):1093-8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2007. Epub 2007 Mar 8.
During the past 20 yr, it has been well documented that exercise has a profound effect on the immune system. With the discovery that exercise provokes an increase in a number of cytokines, a possible link between skeletal muscle contractile activity and immune changes was established. For most of the last century, researchers sought a link between muscle contraction and humoral changes in the form of an "exercise factor," which could mediate some of the exercise-induced metabolic changes in other organs such as the liver and the adipose tissue. We suggest that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." Since the discovery of interleukin (IL)-6 release from contracting skeletal muscle, evidence has accumulated that supports an effect of IL-6 on metabolism. We suggested that muscle-derived IL-6 fulfils the criteria of an exercise factor and that such classes of cytokines should be named "myokines." Interestingly, recent research demonstrates that skeletal muscles can produce and express cytokines belonging to distinctly different families. Thus skeletal muscle has the capacity to express several myokines. To date the list includes IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15, and contractile activity plays a role in regulating the expression of these cytokines in skeletal muscle. The present review focuses on muscle-derived cytokines, their regulation by exercise, and their possible roles in metabolism and skeletal muscle function and it discusses which cytokines should be classified as true myokines.
在过去20年里，有充分的文献记载表明运动对免疫系统有深远影响。随着发现运动可引发多种细胞因子增加，骨骼肌收缩活动与免疫变化之间的可能联系得以确立。在上个世纪的大部分时间里，研究人员以“运动因子”的形式寻找肌肉收缩与体液变化之间的联系，这种“运动因子”可以介导运动在肝脏和脂肪组织等其他器官中引起的一些代谢变化。我们建议，由肌纤维产生、表达和释放并发挥旁分泌或内分泌作用的细胞因子和其他肽应归类为“肌动蛋白”。自从发现收缩的骨骼肌释放白细胞介素（IL）-6以来，越来越多的证据支持IL-6对代谢的作用。我们认为肌肉衍生的IL-6符合运动因子的标准，这类细胞因子应命名为“肌动蛋白”。有趣的是，最近的研究表明骨骼肌可以产生和表达属于截然不同家族的细胞因子。因此，骨骼肌有能力表达多种肌动蛋白。迄今为止，这个列表包括IL-6、IL-8和IL-15，收缩活动在调节骨骼肌中这些细胞因子的表达中起作用。本综述重点关注肌肉衍生的细胞因子、运动对它们的调节、它们在代谢和骨骼肌功能中的可能作用，并讨论哪些细胞因子应归类为真正的肌动蛋白。
