Pedersen Bente Klarlund, Febbraio Mark
Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Brain Behav Immun. 2005 Sep;19(5):371-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.008.
Accumulating evidence exists that regular exercise offers protection against chronic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and depression. Although acute and chronic exercise has numerous consequences, it is still discussed how contracting skeletal muscles mediate metabolic and physiological effects of benefits on health. For years the search for the stimulus that initiates and maintains the change of excitability or sensibility of the regulating centers in exercise has been progressing. For lack of more precise knowledge, it has been called the 'work stimulus,' 'the work factor' or 'the exercise factor.' In other terms, the big challenge for muscle and exercise physiologists has been to determine how muscles signal to central and peripheral organs. Recently, we identified that muscle fibers produce and release the cytokine IL-6 into the circulation during exercise. We further proposed that IL-6 and other cytokines, which are produced and released by skeletal muscles, exerting their effects in other organs of the body, should be named 'myokines.' In line with that adipokines have been suggested as a term, which is restricted to cover cytokines and other peptides which are produced and secreted by adipocytes, we suggest that the term "myokines" should be used exclusively to describe cytokines or other peptides, which are produced and released by muscle fibers per se. Myokines may represent the link from working muscle to other organs such as the adipose tissue, the liver, and the vascular compartments. Here, we review the literature on muscle- and brain-derived IL-6. We further suggest that myokines may also provide an explanation as to how regular muscle activity influences mood, performance, and cognitive function.
越来越多的证据表明，经常锻炼能预防心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、痴呆症和抑郁症等慢性疾病。尽管急性和慢性运动有诸多影响，但骨骼肌收缩如何介导有益健康的代谢和生理效应仍在讨论之中。多年来，人们一直在探寻引发并维持运动中调节中枢兴奋性或敏感性变化的刺激因素。由于缺乏更精确的认识，它被称为“工作刺激”“工作因素”或“运动因素”。换句话说，肌肉和运动生理学家面临的巨大挑战一直是确定肌肉如何向中枢和外周器官发出信号。最近，我们发现运动期间肌纤维会产生并释放细胞因子白细胞介素-6（IL-6）进入循环系统。我们进一步提出，由骨骼肌产生并释放、在身体其他器官发挥作用的IL-6和其他细胞因子，应被命名为“肌动蛋白”。与“脂肪因子”这一术语类似（该术语仅限于涵盖由脂肪细胞产生和分泌的细胞因子及其他肽类），我们建议“肌动蛋白”这一术语应专门用于描述由肌纤维本身产生并释放的细胞因子或其他肽类。肌动蛋白可能代表了从工作的肌肉到其他器官（如脂肪组织、肝脏和血管腔室）的联系。在此，我们综述了有关肌肉和大脑来源的IL-6的文献。我们还认为，肌动蛋白或许也能解释经常进行肌肉活动如何影响情绪、表现和认知功能。
