Moll Henrike, Tomasello Michael
Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Dev Psychol. 2007 Mar;43(2):309-17. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.309.
Fourteen- and 18-month-old infants observed an adult experiencing each of 2 objects (experienced objects) and then leaving the room; the infant then played with a 3rd object while the adult was gone (unexperienced object). The adult interacted with the 2 experienced objects in 1 of 3 ways: by (a) sharing them with the infant in an episode of joint engagement, (b) actively manipulating and inspecting them on his or her own as the infant watched (individual engagement), or (c) looking at them from a distance as the infant played with them (onlooking). As evidenced in a selection task, infants of both ages knew which objects had been experienced by the adult in the joint engagement condition, only the 18-month-olds knew this in the individual engagement condition, and infants at neither age knew this in the onlooking condition. These results suggest that infants are 1st able to determine what adults know (have experienced) on the basis of their direct, triadic engagements with them.
14个月和18个月大的婴儿观察到一名成年人与两件物品（已体验物品）中的每一件进行互动，然后离开房间；随后，在成年人离开期间，婴儿与第三件物品（未体验物品）玩耍。成年人以三种方式之一与这两件已体验物品进行互动：(a) 在一段共同参与的情节中与婴儿分享它们，(b) 当婴儿观看时独自积极地操作和检查它们（个体参与），或(c) 当婴儿玩这些物品时从远处看着它们（旁观）。在一项选择任务中表明，两个年龄段的婴儿都知道在共同参与条件下哪些物品是成年人体验过的，只有18个月大的婴儿知道在个体参与条件下的情况，而两个年龄段的婴儿在旁观条件下都不知道这一点。这些结果表明，婴儿首先能够根据他们与成年人的直接三元互动来确定成年人知道（体验过）什么。
