Moll Henrike, Carpenter Malinda, Tomasello Michael
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Dev Sci. 2007 Nov;10(6):826-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00615.x.
We investigated how 14-month-old infants know what others know. In two studies, an infant played with each of two objects in turn while an experimenter was present. Then the experimenter left the room, and the infant played with a third object with an assistant. The experimenter returned, faced all three objects, and said excitedly 'Look! Can you give it to me?' In Study 1, the experimenter experienced each of the first two toys in episodes of joint visual engagement (without manipulation) with the infant. In response to her excited request infants gave the experimenter the object she did not know, thus demonstrating that they knew which ones she knew. In Study 2, infants witnessed the experimenter jointly engage around each of the experienced toys with the assistant, from a third-person perspective. In response to her request, infants did not give the experimenter the object she had not experienced. In combination with other studies, these results suggest that to know what others have experienced 14-month-old infants must do more than just perceive others perceiving something; they must engage with them actively in joint engagement.
我们研究了14个月大的婴儿如何了解他人所知。在两项研究中，一名婴儿在一名实验者在场的情况下依次与两个物体玩耍。然后实验者离开房间，婴儿与一名助手一起玩第三个物体。实验者回来后，面对所有三个物体，兴奋地说：“看！你能把它给我吗？”在研究1中，实验者在与婴儿进行联合视觉互动（无操作）的过程中体验了前两个玩具中的每一个。作为对她激动请求的回应，婴儿把她不知道的物体给了实验者，从而表明他们知道她知道哪些物体。在研究2中，婴儿从第三人称视角目睹实验者与助手围绕每个已体验过的玩具进行联合互动。作为对她请求的回应，婴儿没有把她未体验过的物体给实验者。结合其他研究，这些结果表明，为了了解他人体验过什么，14个月大的婴儿必须做的不仅仅是感知他人在感知某物；他们必须在联合互动中与他人积极互动。
