Ulijaszek Stanley J
Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Food Nutr Bull. 2006 Dec;27(4 Suppl Growth Standard):S279-94. doi: 10.1177/15648265060274S510.
This review has two aims. The first is to identify important environmental influences on the growth of children aged 1 to 9 years and of adolescents, defined as those aged 10 to 19 years. The second is to identify possible environmentally based criteria for the selection of individuals and populations for data collection in the development of an international growth reference for these age ranges. There are many common environmental influences on the growth of children between the ages of 1 and 19 years; the examination and description of these forms the main body of this review. Subsequently, environmental factors influencing adolescent growth only are considered. In both cases, possible selection criteria are put forward. The most important inclusion criteria for both preadolescence and adolescence are good nutrition, lack of infection, and socioeconomic status that does not constrain growth. Additionally, low birthweight, catchup growth, breastfeeding, and early adiposity rebound have impacts on growth and/or body composition into puberty. Exclusion of children born at low birth and/or experiencing catch-up growth could be most realistically operationalized if populations in which secular trends in growth were either completed or minimal were selected. Although an effect of hypoxia on child and adolescent growth, independent of nutrition, is small at most, many high-altitude populations have high prevalances of low birthweight and should be excluded on this basis. Since all populations are exposed to pollutants, contaminants, and toxicants in varying degrees, they cannot be realistically excluded from the sample frame. However, it may be desirable to exclude populations that are habitually exposed to extremely high levels of environmental pollution, including air pollution, and those living in close proximity to toxic waste. It is impossible to exclude populations and individuals on the basis of their exposure to aflatoxin contamination of food. However, exclusion on the basis of low socioeconomic status or poverty may well act as a proxy for this. There are a small number of populations that show extreme patterns of growth in body size and proportion in preadolescence and adolescence, and these should be excluded from the sample frame.
本综述有两个目的。第一个目的是确定对1至9岁儿童以及10至19岁青少年（即青春期少年）生长发育有重要影响的环境因素。第二个目的是确定在制定这些年龄范围的国际生长发育参考标准时，基于环境因素选择个体和人群进行数据收集的可能标准。1至19岁儿童的生长发育受到许多常见环境因素的影响；对这些因素的审视和描述构成了本综述的主体内容。随后，将专门考虑仅影响青少年生长发育的环境因素。在这两种情况下，均提出了可能的选择标准。青春期前和青春期最重要的纳入标准是营养良好、无感染以及社会经济地位不妨碍生长发育。此外，低出生体重、追赶生长、母乳喂养和早期脂肪量反弹会对青春期的生长发育和/或身体组成产生影响。如果选择生长发育的长期趋势已经完成或最小化的人群，那么排除低出生体重儿和/或经历追赶生长的儿童将最具现实操作性。尽管缺氧对儿童和青少年生长发育的影响（独立于营养因素）至多很小，但许多高海拔人群的低出生体重发生率很高，应据此予以排除。由于所有人群都不同程度地接触污染物、污染物和有毒物质，因此无法从样本框架中实际排除他们。然而，可能需要排除习惯性暴露于极高水平环境污染（包括空气污染）的人群以及居住在有毒废物附近的人群。不可能根据人群和个体接触食品黄曲霉毒素污染的情况将其排除。然而，基于低社会经济地位或贫困进行排除很可能可作为这方面的替代标准。有少数人群在青春期前和青春期的体型和比例呈现极端的生长模式，这些人群应从样本框架中排除。
