Edwards Ceiridwen J, Bollongino Ruth, Scheu Amelie, Chamberlain Andrew, Tresset Anne, Vigne Jean-Denis, Baird Jillian F, Larson Greger, Ho Simon Y W, Heupink Tim H, Shapiro Beth, Freeman Abigail R, Thomas Mark G, Arbogast Rose-Marie, Arndt Betty, Bartosiewicz László, Benecke Norbert, Budja Mihael, Chaix Louis, Choyke Alice M, Coqueugniot Eric, Döhle Hans-Jürgen, Göldner Holger, Hartz Sönke, Helmer Daniel, Herzig Barabara, Hongo Hitomi, Mashkour Marjan, Ozdogan Mehmet, Pucher Erich, Roth Georg, Schade-Lindig Sabine, Schmölcke Ulrich, Schulting Rick J, Stephan Elisabeth, Uerpmann Hans-Peter, Vörös István, Voytek Barbara, Bradley Daniel G, Burger Joachim
Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Proc Biol Sci. 2007 Jun 7;274(1616):1377-85. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0020.
The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.
已灭绝的原牛（Bos primigenius primigenius）是一种大型牛类，其活动范围几乎覆盖了整个欧亚大陆。原牛是现代家牛的野生祖先，但欧洲原牛是否参与了这一驯化过程尚不清楚。为了深入了解原牛和家牛的种群历史，我们从59个考古骨骼样本中获取了高可信度的线粒体DNA序列，这些样本根据年代和/或形态特征被认定为欧洲野生牛种群。所有新石器时代以前的原牛都属于先前确定的P单倍群，这表明该单倍群代表了晚更新世中欧的特征。我们还在一个来自德国的新石器时代原牛样本中发现了一个新的、高度分化的单倍型，这表明更新世时期的遗传多样性更高。此外，根据形态学标准被可靠地归类为欧洲原牛的新石器时代和青铜时代样本，其线粒体DNA均携带P单倍型，这表明欧洲晚更新世和全新世早期的原牛种群具有连续性。贝叶斯分析表明，与恒定大小的种群相比，近期种群增长能更好地拟合我们的数据，这一观察结果与冰后期扩张的情景一致，可能源于欧洲的一个单一避难种群。先前的研究表明，大多数古代和现代欧洲家牛携带先前确定的T单倍型。这一点，再加上我们在叙利亚一个非常早期的新石器时代遗址中发现T单倍型的新发现，有力地支持了这样一种情景：从新石器时代早期开始，携带主要为T单倍型的近东家牛种群取代了欧洲携带P单倍型的强健本土原牛种群。在共存期间，家牛似乎与野生原牛保持隔离，基因渗入极为罕见。
