Burnstock Geoffrey
Autonomic Neurscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
Physiol Rev. 2007 Apr;87(2):659-797. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2006.
This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, i.e., ATP released from nerves as a transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre- and postjunctional membranes at neuroeffector junctions and synapses, as well as acting as a trophic factor during development and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the physiology and pathophysiology of ATP, but extracellular roles of its breakdown product, adenosine, are also considered because of their intimate interactions. The early history of the involvement of ATP in autonomic and skeletal neuromuscular transmission and in activities in the central nervous system and ganglia is reviewed. Brief background information is given about the identification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines and about ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown. Evidence that ATP is a cotransmitter in most, if not all, peripheral and central neurons is presented, as well as full accounts of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in autonomic and sensory ganglia and in the brain and spinal cord. There is coverage of neuron-glia interactions and of purinergic neuroeffector transmission to nonmuscular cells. To establish the primitive and widespread nature of purinergic neurotransmission, both the ontogeny and phylogeny of purinergic signaling are considered. Finally, the pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission in both peripheral and central nervous systems is reviewed, and speculations are made about future developments.
本综述聚焦于嘌呤能神经传递，即神经释放的ATP作为递质或共递质，在神经效应器接头和突触的节前和节后膜上作为细胞外信号分子发挥作用，以及在发育和再生过程中作为营养因子发挥作用。重点在于ATP的生理学和病理生理学，但由于其分解产物腺苷与ATP存在密切相互作用，因此也会考虑腺苷在细胞外的作用。本文回顾了ATP参与自主神经和骨骼肌神经肌肉传递以及中枢神经系统和神经节活动的早期历史。给出了关于嘌呤和嘧啶受体亚型的鉴定以及ATP储存、释放和胞外酶解的简要背景信息。文中展示了ATP在大多数（如果不是全部）外周和中枢神经元中作为共递质的证据，以及自主神经和感觉神经节以及脑和脊髓中神经传递和神经调节的详细情况。涵盖了神经元与神经胶质细胞的相互作用以及嘌呤能神经效应器向非肌肉细胞的传递。为了确立嘌呤能神经传递的原始性和广泛性，本文考虑了嘌呤能信号传导的个体发生和系统发生。最后，回顾了外周和中枢神经系统中嘌呤能神经传递的病理生理学，并对未来发展进行了推测。
