Burnstock Geoffrey
Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London, UK.
Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011 Jun 1;3(3):896-900. doi: 10.2741/e298.
Purinergic neurotransmission was proposed in 1972 following identification of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as the transmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory nerves in guinea-pig taenia coli. Subsequently ATP was identified as a co-transmitter in sympathetic, parasympathetic and most nerves in the peripheral and central nervous systems. ATP acts as a short-term signalling molecule in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion and has long-term (trophic) roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and death in development and regeneration. Three subclasses of purine and pyrimidine receptors have been identified, P1 adenosine receptors (4 subtypes), P2X ionotropic nucleotide receptors (7 subtypes) and P2Y metabotropic receptors (8 subtypes). ATP is released physiologically by many cell types by mechanical deformation and, after release, ATP undergoes ectonucleotidase degradation. Purinergic receptors appeared early in evolution and have a widespread distribution on many non-neuronal cells and neurons. Purinergic signalling is involved in embryonic and stem cell development. There is a rapidly growing literature about the pathophysiology of purinergic signalling including therapeutic developments for diseases, including stroke, thrombosis, osteoporosis, kidney failure, bladder incontinence, cystic fibrosis, dry eye, cancer and brain disorders.
1972年，在确定豚鼠结肠带非肾上腺素能、非胆碱能抑制神经中的递质为5'-三磷酸腺苷（ATP）之后，嘌呤能神经传递的概念被提出。随后，ATP被确定为交感神经、副交感神经以及外周和中枢神经系统大多数神经中的共递质。ATP在神经传递、神经调节和分泌过程中作为一种短期信号分子发挥作用，并且在发育和再生过程中的细胞增殖、分化及死亡方面具有长期（营养）作用。已鉴定出嘌呤和嘧啶受体的三个亚类，即P1腺苷受体（4个亚型）、P2X离子型核苷酸受体（7个亚型）和P2Y代谢型受体（8个亚型）。许多细胞类型可通过机械变形生理性释放ATP，释放后ATP会经历外核苷酸酶降解。嘌呤能受体在进化过程中出现较早，广泛分布于许多非神经元细胞和神经元上。嘌呤能信号传导参与胚胎和干细胞发育。关于嘌呤能信号传导病理生理学的文献迅速增多，包括针对中风、血栓形成、骨质疏松症、肾衰竭、膀胱失禁、囊性纤维化、干眼症、癌症和脑部疾病等疾病的治疗进展。
