Oleke C, Blystad A, Fylkesnes K, Tumwine J K
Centre for International Health - University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
AIDS Care. 2007 Mar;19(3):361-8. doi: 10.1080/09540120600677987.
The objective of this article is to assess constraints on educational opportunities of orphans cared for within the extended family system in Lira district, northern Uganda. The data were collected through: review of school census records; ethnographic fieldwork; in-depth interviews with 21 community leaders, 45 heads of households caring for orphans and 35 orphans. Focus group discussions were held with men and women caring for orphans, community leaders and orphans. A household survey was conducted in 402 households caring for orphans. We found that very poor widows living on less than half a dollar per day head 48% of the households caring for orphans. The elderly heads of households were 3 times more likely to have all the children in their household in schools than the younger ones. Furthermore, the widowed and single heads of households were more likely to have all orphans in school than the married, and households that received external support offered better educational opportunities. Poverty, as indicated by lack of food while at school and heavy involvement of orphans in domestic labour, were identified as major constraints on orphans' schooling. There is an urgent need to support orphans' education in northern Uganda beyond the current Universal Primary Education efforts. The most vulnerable households need to be targeted, and the communities need to be sensitized to child labour, school meals and sex abuse.
本文的目的是评估乌干达北部利拉区大家庭系统中受照顾孤儿的教育机会所面临的限制。数据收集途径包括：查阅学校普查记录；进行人种学实地调查；对21名社区领袖、45名照顾孤儿的户主以及35名孤儿进行深入访谈。与照顾孤儿的男性和女性、社区领袖以及孤儿进行了焦点小组讨论。对402户照顾孤儿的家庭进行了家庭调查。我们发现，48%照顾孤儿的家庭由每天生活费不足半美元的极端贫困寡妇当家。与年轻户主相比，老年户主让家中所有孩子上学的可能性要高出3倍。此外，丧偶和单身户主比已婚户主更有可能让所有孤儿上学，而且获得外部支持的家庭能提供更好的教育机会。在学校缺粮以及孤儿大量参与家务劳动所表明的贫困，被确定为孤儿上学的主要限制因素。除了当前的普及初等教育努力之外，乌干达北部迫切需要为孤儿教育提供支持。最脆弱的家庭需要成为援助对象，社区需要提高对童工、学校供餐和性虐待问题的认识。
