Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y, Konosu A, Ishikawa H
Honda R&D Co., Ltd. Tochigi R&D Center.
Stapp Car Crash J. 2000 Nov;44:335-55. doi: 10.4271/2000-01-SC22.
An impact test procedure with a legform addressing lower limb injuries in car-pedestrian accidents has been proposed by EEVC/WG17. Although a high frequency of lower limb fractures is observed in recent accident data, this test procedure assesses knee injuries with a focus on trauma to the ligamentous structures. The goal of this study is to establish a methodology to understand injury mechanisms of both ligamentous damages and bone fractures in car-pedestrian accidents. A finite element (FE) model of the human lower limb was developed using PAM-CRASH(TM). The commercially available H-Dummy(TM) lower limb model developed by Nihon ESI for a seated position was modified to represent the standing posture of pedestrians. Mechanical properties for both bony structures and knee ligaments were determined from our extensive literature survey, and were carefully implemented in the model considering their strain rate dependency in order to simulate the dynamic response of the lower limb accurately. The element elimination option in PAMCRASH(TM) was used to simulate both bone fractures and ligamentous ruptures. Bone models were validated against test results obtained from literature in both static and dynamic conditions. The dynamic response of the knee joint was validated against the response corridors from a series of experiments with Post-Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) presented in the literature. In addition, the lower limb model was validated against published experiments with isolated lower limbs subjected to lateral impact simulating car-pedestrian accidents. The validated FE lower limb model was integrated with an upper body model with rigid segments to obtain a fullbody pedestrian model. Computer simulations using both the pedestrian model and a FE model for the car front were conducted to reconstruct a published carpedestrian impact test with PMHS. Leg fracture observed in the experiment was reproduced from the FE carpedestrian model. The developed FE model can be used as an effective tool to investigate injury mechanisms of the lower limb in car-pedestrian accidents.
欧洲汽车安全委员会/第17工作小组（EEVC/WG17）提出了一种使用腿部模型的碰撞测试程序，用于研究汽车与行人事故中的下肢损伤。尽管在最近的事故数据中观察到下肢骨折的发生率很高，但该测试程序评估膝关节损伤时主要关注韧带结构的创伤。本研究的目的是建立一种方法，以了解汽车与行人事故中韧带损伤和骨折的损伤机制。使用PAM-CRASH(TM)开发了人体下肢的有限元（FE）模型。对日本电装公司（Nihon ESI）为坐姿开发的市售H-Dummy(TM)下肢模型进行了修改，以代表行人的站立姿势。通过广泛的文献调研确定了骨结构和膝关节韧带的力学性能，并在模型中仔细考虑了它们的应变率依赖性，以便准确模拟下肢的动态响应。使用PAMCRASH(TM)中的单元消除选项来模拟骨折和韧带断裂。骨模型在静态和动态条件下均根据文献中的测试结果进行了验证。膝关节的动态响应根据文献中一系列尸体人类受试者（PMHS）实验的响应曲线进行了验证。此外，下肢模型根据已发表的模拟汽车与行人事故的孤立下肢侧向碰撞实验进行了验证。将经过验证的有限元下肢模型与具有刚性段的上身模型集成，以获得全身行人模型。使用行人模型和汽车前部有限元模型进行了计算机模拟，以重现一次已发表的使用PMHS的汽车与行人碰撞测试。从有限元汽车与行人模型中再现了实验中观察到的腿部骨折。所开发的有限元模型可作为研究汽车与行人事故中下肢损伤机制的有效工具。
