Rudolph Karen D, Flynn Megan
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2007 Spring;19(2):497-521. doi: 10.1017/S0954579407070241.
This research examined three possible models to explain how childhood social adversity and recent stress interact to predict depression in youth: stress sensitization, stress amplification, and stress inoculation. Drawing from a stress-sensitization theory of depression, we hypothesized that exposure to childhood adversity, in the form of disruptions in critical interpersonal relationships, would lower youths' threshold for depressive reactions to recent interpersonal stress. We expected that this pattern of stress sensitization would be most salient for girls negotiating the pubertal transition. These hypotheses were examined in two studies: a longitudinal, questionnaire-based investigation of 399 youth (M = 11.66 years) and a concurrent, interview-based investigation of 147 youth (M = 12.39 years). Findings supported the role of stress-sensitization processes in pubertal girls and prepubertal boys, and stress-amplification processes in prepubertal girls. Childhood social adversity specifically predicted sensitization to recent interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal, stress. These findings build on prior theory and research by suggesting that early adversity exerts context-specific effects that vary across gender and development. Future research will need to identify the specific mechanisms underlying this stress-sensitization process.
本研究考察了三种可能的模型，以解释童年社会逆境与近期压力如何相互作用来预测青少年的抑郁：应激敏感化、应激放大和应激接种。基于抑郁的应激敏感化理论，我们假设，以关键人际关系中断的形式接触童年逆境，会降低青少年对近期人际压力产生抑郁反应的阈值。我们预计，这种应激敏感化模式在经历青春期过渡的女孩中最为显著。在两项研究中检验了这些假设：一项是对399名青少年（平均年龄11.66岁）进行的基于问卷的纵向调查，另一项是对147名青少年（平均年龄12.39岁）进行的基于访谈的同期调查。研究结果支持了应激敏感化过程在青春期女孩和青春期前男孩中的作用，以及应激放大过程在青春期前女孩中的作用。童年社会逆境具体预测了对近期人际压力而非非人际压力的敏感化。这些发现基于先前的理论和研究，表明早期逆境会产生因性别和发育阶段而异的特定情境效应。未来的研究需要确定这种应激敏感化过程背后的具体机制。
