Osteogenic differentiation of human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adherent cells that differentiate into chondroblasts, osteoblasts and adipocytes. In this short review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that are known to control osteoblast differentiation and osteogenic potential of MSCs in vitro. We discuss the advances made in gene-based therapy to promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and the perspectives for an optimal use of MSCs for bone tissue regeneration or repair. One important challenge at the present time is to identify factors and pathways that promote osteogenic commitment of MSCs in order to use MSCs with functional potential for optimal bone repair in humans. In this context, genomic and proteomic analyses may help to identify molecules that could be used to promote osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs. In the future this may lead to selective therapeutic strategies for tissue engineering application in bone regeneration and repair in humans.