Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47908, USA.
Cells. 2021 Nov 3;10(11):2993. doi: 10.3390/cells10112993.
Craniofacial bone defects can result from various disorders, including congenital malformations, tumor resection, infection, severe trauma, and accidents. Successfully regenerating cranial defects is an integral step to restore craniofacial function. However, challenges managing and controlling new bone tissue formation remain. Current advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine use innovative techniques to address these challenges. The use of biomaterials, stromal cells, and growth factors have demonstrated promising outcomes in vitro and in vivo. Natural and synthetic bone grafts combined with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and growth factors have shown encouraging results in regenerating critical-size cranial defects. One of prevalent growth factors is Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2). BMP-2 is defined as a gold standard growth factor that enhances new bone formation in vitro and in vivo. Recently, emerging evidence suggested that Megakaryocytes (MKs), induced by Thrombopoietin (TPO), show an increase in osteoblast proliferation in vitro and bone mass in vivo. Furthermore, a co-culture study shows mature MKs enhance MSC survival rate while maintaining their phenotype. Therefore, MKs can provide an insight as a potential therapy offering a safe and effective approach to regenerating critical-size cranial defects.
颅面部骨缺损可由多种疾病引起，包括先天性畸形、肿瘤切除、感染、严重创伤和事故。成功再生颅面缺损是恢复颅面功能的重要步骤。然而，管理和控制新骨组织形成的挑战依然存在。目前，组织工程和再生医学领域的进展采用了创新技术来应对这些挑战。生物材料、基质细胞和成骨生长因子的应用已在体外和体内显示出有前途的结果。天然和合成骨移植物与间充质基质细胞（MSCs）和生长因子结合已显示出在再生临界尺寸颅面缺损方面令人鼓舞的结果。一种常见的生长因子是骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP-2）。BMP-2 被定义为一种金标准生长因子，可增强体外和体内新骨形成。最近，新出现的证据表明，由血小板生成素（TPO）诱导的巨核细胞（MKs）在体外表现出成骨细胞增殖增加，体内表现出骨量增加。此外，共培养研究表明，成熟的 MKs 提高了 MSC 的存活率，同时保持其表型。因此，MKs 可以提供一种潜在的治疗方法，为再生临界尺寸颅面缺损提供安全有效的方法。
