Bloch S, Lemeignan M, Aguilera N
Département de Neurochimie-Anatomie, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, France.
Int J Psychophysiol. 1991 Aug;11(2):141-54. doi: 10.1016/0167-8760(91)90006-j.
Prototypical respiratory-facial-postural actions ('emotional effector patterns') related to six basic emotions had been extracted from an ensemble of physiological reactions present in subjects reliving intense emotional situations (Bloch & Santibañez, 1972). Subjects reproducing these actions could evoke the corresponding subjective experience, which suggested their use as an experimental model for generating controlled emotional states. The aim of the present study was to quantify the respiratory parameters which characterize the emotions of joy-laughter, sadness-crying, fear-anxiety, anger, erotic love and tenderness. Respiratory movements and facial/postural expressions were recorded from 36 young actors who had learned in previous workshops to express these emotions by reproducing the corresponding prototypical actions. A qualitative analysis of the recordings showed that as the emotional reproduction went along, both breathing and expression evolved from an initial 'robot-like' phase to a more natural stage in which spontaneous vocalizations and gestures appeared. This suggested a partial activation of the emotional network. The quantitative analysis of the respiratory movements for the fundamental cycles showed that for anger, erotic love and tenderness significant changes in amplitude, rate and duration of the 'expiratory pause' were the major elements of differentiation, while for sadness, joy and fear inspiratory over expiratory time ratios were the elements of differentiation. These last three emotions were further characterized by small amplitude/high rate saccadic respiratory movements superposed to different phases of the fundamental cycles. It is concluded that quantitatively well differentiated sets of respiratory changes characterize each of six basic emotions. The bottom-up experimental model for generating such emotions based on the joint activation of the respiratory-facial-postural systems and its relation to corresponding 'real-life' emotions is discussed.
与六种基本情绪相关的典型呼吸-面部-姿势动作（“情绪效应模式”），是从重温强烈情绪情境的受试者所呈现的一系列生理反应中提取出来的（布洛赫和桑蒂瓦涅斯，1972年）。重现这些动作的受试者能够唤起相应的主观体验，这表明它们可作为产生可控情绪状态的实验模型。本研究的目的是量化表征喜悦-欢笑、悲伤-哭泣、恐惧-焦虑、愤怒、性爱和柔情等情绪的呼吸参数。对36名年轻演员进行了呼吸运动以及面部/姿势表情的记录，这些演员在之前的工作坊中通过重现相应的典型动作学会了表达这些情绪。对记录的定性分析表明，随着情绪重现的进行，呼吸和表情都从最初的“机器人般”阶段发展到一个更自然的阶段，此时会出现自发的发声和手势。这表明情绪网络被部分激活。对基本周期的呼吸运动进行定量分析表明，对于愤怒、性爱和柔情，“呼气暂停”的幅度、速率和持续时间的显著变化是主要的区分因素，而对于悲伤、喜悦和恐惧，吸气与呼气时间比是区分因素。后三种情绪的进一步特征是，在基本周期的不同阶段叠加有小幅度/高频率的快速呼吸运动。研究得出结论，六种基本情绪中的每一种都有定量上区分明显的呼吸变化集。本文还讨论了基于呼吸-面部-姿势系统的联合激活来产生此类情绪的自下而上实验模型及其与相应“现实生活”情绪的关系。
