Acute and chronic ischemia of the hand: pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis.

Fifty consecutive patients with acute and chronic ischemia of the hand were investigated by Allen testing, Doppler ultrasound, digital plethysmography, and angiography over a 4-year period. The pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for the ischemia was determined to be emboli in 6%, vasospasm in 10%, thrombosis or "sludging" in 28%, occlusive disease in 26%, and occlusive disease associated with either vasospasm or external compression in 30%. Ten patients required emergency medical treatment with intraarterial streptokinase, intravenous heparin, or dextran 40 and continuous stellate ganglion blocks, and three patients required emergency microsurgical revascularization because of radial artery thrombosis. Patients with chronic ischemia of the hand were maintained on nifedipine, 30 to 60 mg daily, and pentoxifylline, 1200 mg daily. Seven patients underwent digital sympathectomy and 14 patients underwent microsurgical revascularization as prophylactic procedures for chronic digital ischemia. Amputations were required in 18 patients because of end-stage gangrene. Long-term follow-up revealed a 20% incidence of recurrent digital ulcerations. There have been six deaths during follow-up, five of them due to myocardial infarction; this reflects the underlying systemic arteriopathy in many of these patients.