Brändli Rahel C, Bucheli Thomas D, Kupper Thomas, Furrer Reinhard, Stahel Werner A, Stadelmann Franz X, Tarradellas Joseph
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
J Environ Monit. 2007 May;9(5):456-64. doi: 10.1039/b617101j. Epub 2007 Apr 11.
In Europe, 9.3 x 10(6) t(dry weight (dw)) of compost and digestate are produced per year. Most of this is applied to agricultural land, which can lead to considerable inputs of organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to soil. This paper presents an inventory of the pollutant situation in source-separated composts, digestates and presswater in Switzerland by a detailed analysis of over 70 samples. PCB concentrations ( summation PCB 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were significantly higher in urban (median: 30 microg kg(-1)dw, n = 52) than in rural samples (median: 14 microg kg(-1)dw, n = 16). Together with low concentrations in general, this points to aerial deposition on compost input material as the major contamination pathway. Enantiomeric fractions of atropisometric PCB were close to racemic. Median PAH concentration was 3010 microg kg(-1)dw( summation 15PAH, n = 69), and one quarter of the samples exhibited concentrations above the relevant Swiss guide value for compost (4000 microg kg(-1)dw). The levels were influenced by the treatment process (digestate > compost), the season of input material collection (spring-summer > winter > autumn), the particle size (coarse-grained > fine-grained), and maturity (mature > less mature). The main source of PAH in compost was pyrogenic, probably influenced mainly by liquid fossil fuel combustion and some asphalt abrasion, as suggested by multiple linear regression. This study, together with a companion paper reporting on other organic contaminates including emerging compound classes, provides a starting point for a better risk-benefit estimation of the application of compost and digestate to agricultural soil in Switzerland.
在欧洲，每年产生9.3×10⁶吨（干重）的堆肥和沼渣。其中大部分被施用于农田，这可能导致有机污染物大量进入土壤，如多氯联苯（PCB）和多环芳烃（PAH）。本文通过对70多个样本的详细分析，列出了瑞士源头分类的堆肥、沼渣和压榨水中污染物的情况。城市样本中PCB浓度（总和为PCB 28、52、101、118、138、153、180）显著高于农村样本（中位数：城市为30微克/千克干重，n = 52；农村为14微克/千克干重，n = 16）。再加上总体浓度较低，这表明堆肥输入材料的大气沉降是主要污染途径。轴手性PCB的对映体分数接近外消旋。PAH中位数浓度为3010微克/千克干重（总和15种PAH，n = 69），四分之一的样本浓度高于瑞士堆肥相关指导值（4000微克/千克干重）。这些水平受处理过程（沼渣>堆肥）、输入材料收集季节（春夏季>冬季>秋季）、颗粒大小（粗粒>细粒）和成熟度（成熟>不太成熟）的影响。堆肥中PAH的主要来源是热解的，多元线性回归表明可能主要受液体化石燃料燃烧和一些沥青磨损的影响。这项研究以及另一篇关于包括新兴化合物类别在内的其他有机污染物的配套论文，为更好地评估瑞士堆肥和沼渣施用于农业土壤的风险效益提供了一个起点。
