Hursthouse Andrew, Kowalczyk George
School of Engineering & Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley PA12BE, UK.
Environ Geochem Health. 2009 Apr;31(2):165-87. doi: 10.1007/s10653-008-9213-6. Epub 2008 Nov 11.
The source-pathway-receptor (SPR) approach to human exposure and risk assessment contains considerable uncertainty when using the refined modelling approaches to pollutant transport and dispersal, not least in how compounds of concern might be prioritized, proxy or indicator substances identified and the basic environmental and toxicological data collected. The impact of external environmental variables, urban systems and lifestyle is still poorly understood. This determines exposure of individuals and there are a number of methods being developed to provide more reliable spatial assessments. Within the human body, the dynamics of pollutants and effects on target organs from diffuse, transient sources of exposure sets ambitious challenges for traditional risk assessment approaches. Considerable potential exists in the application of, e.g. physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. The reduction in uncertainties associated with the effects of contaminants on humans, transport and dynamics influencing exposure, implications of adult versus child exposure and lifestyle and the development of realistic toxicological and exposure data are all highlighted as urgent research needs. The potential to integrate environmental with toxicological models provides the next phase of research opportunity and should be used to drive empirical and model assessments.
在使用污染物传输与扩散的精细建模方法时，源-途径-受体（SPR）人体暴露与风险评估方法存在相当大的不确定性，尤其是在如何对关注化合物进行优先排序、识别替代或指示物质以及收集基本环境和毒理学数据方面。外部环境变量、城市系统和生活方式的影响仍知之甚少。这决定了个体的暴露情况，目前正在开发多种方法以提供更可靠的空间评估。在人体内部，来自分散、短暂暴露源的污染物动态及其对靶器官的影响给传统风险评估方法带来了巨大挑战。例如，基于生理学的药代动力学（PBPK）模型的应用具有很大潜力。与污染物对人类的影响、影响暴露的传输和动态、成人与儿童暴露及生活方式的影响以及现实毒理学和暴露数据的开发相关的不确定性降低，均被视为紧迫的研究需求。整合环境模型与毒理学模型的潜力为下一阶段的研究提供了机会，应用该潜力推动实证和模型评估。
