Ball Ronald O, Urschel Kristine L, Pencharz Paul B
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, and The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G.
J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 2):1626S-1641S. doi: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1626S.
Differences in lysine and arginine requirements among various species such as omnivores (humans, pigs, rats, dogs), carnivores (cats), herbivores (rabbits, horses), ruminants (cattle), poultry, and fish, are covered in detail in this article. Although lysine is classified as an indispensable amino acid across species, the classification of arginine as either an indispensable or dispensable amino acid is more ambiguous because of differences among species in rates of de novo arginine synthesis. Because lysine is most often the limiting amino acid in the diet, its requirement has been extensively studied. By use of the ideal protein concept, the requirements of the other indispensable amino acids can be extrapolated from the lysine requirement. The successful use of this concept in pigs is compared with potential application of the ideal protein concept in humans. The current dietary arginine requirement varies widely among species, with ruminants, rabbits, and rats having relatively low requirements and carnivores, fish, and poultry having high requirements. Interspecies differences in metabolic arginine utilization and reasons for different rates of de novo arginine synthesis are reviewed in detail, as these are the primary determinants of the dietary arginine requirement. There is presently no dietary requirement for humans of any age, although this needs to be reassessed, particularly in neonates. A thorough understanding of the factors contributing to the lysine and arginine requirements in different species will be useful in our understanding of human amino acid requirements.
本文详细介绍了杂食动物（人类、猪、大鼠、狗）、肉食动物（猫）、草食动物（兔子、马）、反刍动物（牛）、家禽和鱼类等不同物种之间赖氨酸和精氨酸需求的差异。尽管赖氨酸在所有物种中都被归类为必需氨基酸，但由于不同物种从头合成精氨酸的速率存在差异，精氨酸是必需氨基酸还是非必需氨基酸的分类更为模糊。由于赖氨酸通常是饮食中的限制性氨基酸，因此对其需求进行了广泛研究。通过使用理想蛋白质概念，可以从赖氨酸需求推断出其他必需氨基酸的需求。本文将猪成功应用这一概念的情况与理想蛋白质概念在人类中的潜在应用进行了比较。目前，不同物种的膳食精氨酸需求量差异很大，反刍动物、兔子和大鼠的需求量相对较低，而肉食动物、鱼类和家禽的需求量较高。本文详细综述了不同物种间精氨酸代谢利用的差异以及从头合成精氨酸速率不同的原因，因为这些是膳食精氨酸需求的主要决定因素。目前，任何年龄段的人类都没有膳食精氨酸需求，不过这一点需要重新评估，尤其是对新生儿而言。深入了解不同物种中影响赖氨酸和精氨酸需求的因素，将有助于我们理解人类的氨基酸需求。
