Chemical and physical regulation of stem cells and progenitor cells: potential for cardiovascular tissue engineering.

The field of cardiovascular tissue engineering has experienced tremendous advances in the past several decades, but the clinical reality of engineered heart tissue and vascular conduits remains immature. Stem cells and progenitor cells are promising cell sources for engineering functional cardiovascular tissues. To realize the therapeutic potential of stem cells and progenitor cells, we need to understand how microenvironmental cues modulate and guide stem cell differentiation and organization. This review describes the current understanding of the chemical and physical regulation of embryonic and adult stem cells for potential applications in cardiovascular repair, focusing on cardiac therapies after myocardial infarction and the engineering of vascular conduits.