Wang Limin, Detamore Michael S
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7609, USA.
Tissue Eng. 2007 Aug;13(8):1955-71. doi: 10.1089/ten.2006.0152.
Tissue engineering provides the revolutionary possibility for curing temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Although characterization of the mandibular condyle has been extensively studied, tissue engineering of the mandibular condyle is still in an inchoate stage. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of advances relevant to tissue engineering of mandibular cartilage and bone, and to serve as a reference for future research in this field. A concise anatomical overview of the mandibular condyle is provided, and the structure and function of the mandibular condyle are reviewed, including the cell types, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and biomechanical properties. Collagens and proteoglycans are distributed heterogeneously (topographically and zonally). The complexity of collagen types (including types I, II, III, and X) and cell types (including fibroblast-like cells, mesenchymal cells, and differentiated chondrocytes) indicates that mandibular cartilage is an intermediate between fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. The fibrocartilaginous fibrous zone at the surface is separated from hyaline-like mature and hypertrophic zones below by a thin and highly cellular proliferative zone. Mechanically, the mandibular condylar cartilage is anisotropic under tension (stiffer anteroposteriorly) and heterogeneous under compression (anterior region stiffer than posterior). Tissue engineering of mandibular condylar cartilage and bone is reviewed, consisting of cell culture, growth factors, scaffolds, and bioreactors. Ideal engineered constructs for mandibular condyle regeneration must involve two distinct yet integrated stratified layers in a single osteochondral construct to meet the different demands for the regeneration of cartilage and bone tissues. We conclude this review with a brief discussion of tissue engineering strategies, along with future directions for tissue engineering the mandibular condyle.
组织工程为治疗颞下颌关节（TMJ）疾病提供了革命性的可能性。尽管对下颌髁突的特征已进行了广泛研究，但下颌髁突的组织工程仍处于起步阶段。本综述的目的是总结与下颌软骨和骨组织工程相关的进展，并为该领域的未来研究提供参考。本文提供了下颌髁突的简要解剖概述，并回顾了下颌髁突的结构和功能，包括细胞类型、细胞外基质（ECM）组成和生物力学特性。胶原蛋白和蛋白聚糖呈异质性分布（在地形和区域上）。胶原类型（包括I、II、III和X型）和细胞类型（包括成纤维细胞样细胞、间充质细胞和分化的软骨细胞）的复杂性表明，下颌软骨是纤维软骨和透明软骨之间的中间类型。表面的纤维软骨纤维区与下方类似透明软骨的成熟和肥大区由一个薄且细胞高度丰富的增殖区分开。在力学方面，下颌髁突软骨在拉伸时呈各向异性（前后方向更硬），在压缩时呈非均质性（前部区域比后部更硬）。本文回顾了下颌髁突软骨和骨的组织工程，包括细胞培养、生长因子、支架和生物反应器。用于下颌髁突再生的理想工程构建体必须在单个骨软骨构建体中包含两个不同但整合的分层，以满足软骨和骨组织再生的不同需求。我们在本综述结尾简要讨论了组织工程策略以及下颌髁突组织工程的未来方向。
