Kovalenko E A
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1976 Jan-Feb;10(1):3-15.
Hypokinesia is an important problem in modern medicine. In the pathogenetic effect of prolonged hypokinesia the main etiological factor is diminished motor activity; of major importance are disorders in the energy and plastic metabolism which affect the muscle system; the contributing factors are cardiovascular deconditioning and orthostatic intolerance. This is attributed to a decreased oxygen supply and eliminated hydrostatic influences during a prolonged recumbency. Blood redistribution in the vascular bed is related to the Gauer-Henry reflex and subsequent changes in the fluid-electrolyte balance. Decreased load on the bone system induces changes in the protein-phosphate-calcium metabolism, diminished bone density and increased calcium content in the blood and urine. Changes in the calcium metabolism are systemic. The activity of the higher nervous system and reflex functions is lowered. Changes in the function of the autonomic nervous system which include a noticeable decline of its adaptive-trophic role as a result of the decrease of afferent and efferent impulsation are of great importance. Changes in the hormonal function involve a peculiar stress-reaction which develops at an early stage of hypokinesia as a response to an unusual situation. Prolonged hypokinesia may result in a disturbed function of the pituitary-adrenal system. It is assumed that prolonged hypokinesia may induce a specific disease of hypokinesia during which man cannot lead a normal mode of life and work.
运动功能减退是现代医学中的一个重要问题。在长期运动功能减退的致病作用中，主要病因是运动活动减少；能量和塑性代谢紊乱对肌肉系统产生影响，这一点至关重要；促成因素包括心血管功能失调和直立不耐受。这归因于长期卧床期间氧气供应减少以及静水压力影响消除。血管床中的血液重新分布与高尔-亨利反射以及随后的流体电解质平衡变化有关。骨骼系统负荷减轻会导致蛋白质-磷酸盐-钙代谢发生变化、骨密度降低以及血液和尿液中钙含量增加。钙代谢变化是全身性的。高级神经系统的活动和反射功能降低。自主神经系统功能的变化非常重要，其中包括由于传入和传出冲动减少，其适应性营养作用明显下降。激素功能的变化涉及一种特殊的应激反应，这种反应在运动功能减退的早期阶段作为对异常情况的反应而出现。长期运动功能减退可能导致运动功能减退的特定疾病，在此期间，人无法过上正常的生活和工作模式。
