Lee Soo Kyung, Novotny Rachel, Daida Yihe G, Vijayadeva Vinutha, Gittelsohn Joel
Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Jun;107(6):956-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.03.009.
To describe changes in dietary patterns of adolescent girls in Hawaii from 2001 to 2003.
Cohort study, with exams 2 years apart.
SUBJECTS/SETTING: One hundred fifty-one girls of Asian, white, and mixed ethnicity who were aged 9 to 14 years at exam 1 and aged 11 to 16 years at exam 2 and lived on the island of Oahu, HI.
Three-day diet records were obtained at each exam. Mean nutrient and food group intakes and weight, height, and body mass index were determined and compared between the two exams.
Data are summarized as means+/-standard deviation unless otherwise stated. Differences in values between groups were analyzed for significance using paired t tests and multiple regression.
Girls at exams 1 and 2 had mean carbohydrate intakes of 233 g and 241 g, respectively, and protein intakes of 67 g and 65 g, respectively. None of the carbohydrate intakes were below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) at exam 1 and only one girl was below at exam 2. Three percent of girls had protein intakes that were below the EAR at exam 1 whereas 9% were below at exam 2. For iron intakes, 3% of girls were below the EAR at exam 1 and 14% of girls were below at exam 2. Girls at exams 1 and 2 had mean calcium intakes of 733 mg and 732 mg, respectively, and fiber intakes of 11.2 g and 11.4 g, respectively; lower than the Adequate Intake recommendation. The percentage of energy from macronutrients in exams 1 and 2, respectively, was in range of the Appropriate Macronutrient Distribution Range for more than 70% of girls (76% for exam 1, 79% for exam 2), but the mean percentage intake of saturated fat intake was higher than the recommended range for more than 65% of the girls at both exams 1 and 2 (69% at exam 1, 73% at exam 2). However, no significant differences were found in percent contribution of or in total intake of macronutrients between the two exams. More than half of girls (51% to 100%) did not consume the recommended number of Food Guide Pyramid Servings for any food group at either exam 1 or 2. A significant increase was found for sweetened carbonated beverage intake (from 130 g to 179 g; P<0.05) and for added sugar intake (from 16 tsp to 18 tsp; P<0.01) between exams 1 and 2, a level well above recommendations. As expected, mean body weight and mean body mass index increased significantly between exams 1 and 2 (P<0.05).
These data suggest high dietary intakes of dietary fat and sugar, and increasing intakes of sweetened carbonated beverages and other high-sugar drinks during adolescence among girls in Hawaii.
描述2001年至2003年夏威夷青春期女孩饮食模式的变化。
队列研究，两次检查间隔2年。
研究对象/研究地点：151名亚洲、白人及混血族裔女孩，第一次检查时年龄为9至14岁，第二次检查时年龄为11至16岁，居住在夏威夷瓦胡岛。
每次检查时获取3天的饮食记录。确定两次检查之间的平均营养素和食物组摄入量以及体重、身高和体重指数，并进行比较。
除非另有说明，数据以均值±标准差表示。使用配对t检验和多元回归分析组间值的差异是否具有显著性。
第一次和第二次检查时女孩的平均碳水化合物摄入量分别为233克和241克，蛋白质摄入量分别为67克和65克。第一次检查时碳水化合物摄入量均未低于估计平均需求量（EAR），第二次检查时只有一名女孩低于该值。第一次检查时3%的女孩蛋白质摄入量低于EAR，而第二次检查时为9%。对于铁摄入量，第一次检查时3%的女孩低于EAR，第二次检查时14%的女孩低于EAR。第一次和第二次检查时女孩的平均钙摄入量分别为733毫克和732毫克，纤维摄入量分别为11.2克和11.4克；均低于适宜摄入量建议值。第一次和第二次检查时，超过70%的女孩（第一次检查时为76%，第二次检查时为79%）来自宏量营养素的能量百分比在适宜宏量营养素分布范围内，但两次检查中均有超过65%的女孩饱和脂肪平均摄入量百分比高于推荐范围（第一次检查时为69%，第二次检查时为73%）。然而，两次检查之间宏量营养素的贡献百分比或总摄入量均未发现显著差异。超过一半的女孩（51%至100%）在第一次或第二次检查时，任何食物组的摄入量均未达到食物指南金字塔建议的份数。第一次和第二次检查之间，含糖碳酸饮料摄入量（从130克增至179克；P<0.05）和添加糖摄入量（从16茶匙增至18茶匙；P<0.01）显著增加，远超建议水平。正如预期的那样，第一次和第二次检查之间平均体重和平均体重指数显著增加（P<0.05）。
这些数据表明，夏威夷女孩在青春期时饮食中脂肪和糖的摄入量较高，且含糖碳酸饮料和其他高糖饮料的摄入量在增加。
