Giatromanolaki Alexandra, Sivridis Efthimios, Koukourakis Michael I
Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Cancer Biol Ther. 2007;6(5):639-45. doi: 10.4161/cbt.6.5.4198. Epub 2007 May 30.
Stromatogenesis is the formation of new, specific type, stroma at sites of active tumor cell invasion as an integral part of the invading process. The newly formed stroma by being wedged between tissue planes of least resistance disrupts the continuity of normal structures cleaving paths for the invading tumor cells--intramural stromatogenesis for endophytic tumors. Less frequently, the new stroma is formed towards a void space, i.e. at the free surfaces, whether internal or external (extramural stromatogenesis for exophytic tumors). It is postulated that the formation of this new stroma is generated and governed by the invading tumor cells with the tolerance and complicity of the adjacent activated fibroblasts. The spindle cells of the "neostroma" are intensely proliferating myofibroblasts, which are characterized by the frequent expression of α-smooth muscle actin and the particularly frequent expression of thymidine phosphorylase, PDGF-receptors and SPARC (secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine). The cellular and extracellular qualities, different as they are from those of reactive fibrosis, make stromatogenesis amenable to easy penetration by neoplastic cells and a prospective method for diagnosing early tumor invasion. Studies also suggest that the neostroma has complementary to cancer cell metabolic activity, important for buffering of cancer cell waste products and for the prevention of cancer cell acidic death. Thus, cancer cells and neostroma should not be seen as a mixture of heterogeneous uncoordinated cells but rather as a unified morphologic and metabolic domain with a harmonious collaboration between aerobic (myofibroblasts, endothelial cells) and anaerobic compartments (cancer cells).
基质形成是指在活跃的肿瘤细胞侵袭部位形成新的特定类型的基质，这是侵袭过程的一个组成部分。新形成的基质通过楔入阻力最小的组织平面之间，破坏了正常结构的连续性，为侵袭性肿瘤细胞开辟了路径——内生性肿瘤的壁内基质形成。较少见的情况是，新基质朝着一个空隙空间形成，即在自由表面，无论是内部还是外部（外生性肿瘤的壁外基质形成）。据推测，这种新基质的形成是由侵袭性肿瘤细胞在相邻活化成纤维细胞的耐受和协同作用下产生和控制的。“新基质”的梭形细胞是强烈增殖的肌成纤维细胞，其特征是α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的频繁表达以及胸苷磷酸化酶、血小板衍生生长因子受体和富含半胱氨酸的酸性分泌蛋白（SPARC）的特别频繁表达。其细胞和细胞外特性与反应性纤维化不同，这使得基质形成易于被肿瘤细胞穿透，是一种诊断早期肿瘤侵袭的前瞻性方法。研究还表明，新基质与癌细胞的代谢活动互补，这对于缓冲癌细胞废物产物和预防癌细胞酸性死亡很重要。因此，癌细胞和新基质不应被视为异质不协调细胞的混合物，而应被视为一个统一的形态和代谢域，需氧部分（肌成纤维细胞、内皮细胞）和厌氧部分（癌细胞）之间存在和谐协作。
