Ayanegui-Alcerreca M A, Wilson P R, Mackintosh C G, Collins-Emerson J M, Heuer C, Midwinter A C, Castillo-Alcala F
Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
N Z Vet J. 2007 Jun;55(3):102-8. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36750.
Current knowledge of leptospirosis in farmed deer in New Zealand is reviewed. Over the past 25 years, leptospirosis has been reported to occur in individual cases as well as in herd outbreaks in farmed deer and in human cases linked to farmed deer. Serological studies and evidence from bacterial culture suggest infection is widespread. Mixing of young stock from several sources appears to be a significant risk factor for outbreaks. The culture of Leptospira interrogans serovars Hardjobovis, Pomona and Copenhageni has been reported. Infection with serovar Hardjobovis had the highest prevalence, either individually or mixed with serovar Pomona. Infection with serovar Copenhageni appears uncommon and its pathogenicity in deer is unproven. Titres to serovars Australis, Ballum, Balcanica and Tarassovi have been reported. Deer appear to be maintenance hosts for serovar Hardjobovis, incidental or accidental hosts and probably a maintenance population for serovar Pomona, since some infections persist for several months, and accidental hosts for serovar Copenhageni. Serovar Pomona appears to produce clinical and probably subclinical disease, whereas serovar Hardjobovis appears to cause only subclinical disease, although the relative risk of disease causation has not been determined. Clinical disease is usually manifested by haemolysis, jaundice, renal lesions, haemoglobinuria and often by sudden death. Renal lesions are commonly observed at slaughter and many are associated with leptospiral infections. Occupationally, slaughterhouse workers appear to be at greatest risk of contracting the disease from deer. Vaccination produces serological responses, but its effectiveness in protecting against disease, and prevention or reduction of shedding in urine, has not yet been confirmed in deer. More robust knowledge of the epidemiology of leptospiral infections in deer, and the effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination regimes, is needed to assist the deer industry to develop a strategy to manage this disease.
本文综述了新西兰养殖鹿群中钩端螺旋体病的现有知识。在过去25年里，钩端螺旋体病已被报道在养殖鹿的个别病例以及群体暴发中出现，同时也出现在与养殖鹿相关的人类病例中。血清学研究和细菌培养证据表明感染广泛存在。来自多个来源的幼鹿混群似乎是暴发的一个重要风险因素。已报道从感染鹿中培养出问号钩端螺旋体的哈乔博维斯血清型、波摩那血清型和哥本哈根血清型。单独感染哈乔博维斯血清型或与波摩那血清型混合感染的患病率最高。哥本哈根血清型感染似乎不常见，其在鹿中的致病性尚未得到证实。也有关于澳大利亚血清型、巴伦血清型、巴尔干血清型和塔拉索维血清型的抗体滴度报告。鹿似乎是哈乔博维斯血清型的储存宿主，是波摩那血清型的偶然或意外宿主，可能也是其储存群体，因为一些感染会持续数月，而哥本哈根血清型的意外宿主。波摩那血清型似乎会引发临床疾病，可能还有亚临床疾病，而哈乔博维斯血清型似乎仅引起亚临床疾病，尽管疾病因果关系的相对风险尚未确定。临床疾病通常表现为溶血、黄疸、肾损伤、血红蛋白尿，且常伴有猝死。在屠宰时通常可观察到肾损伤，其中许多与钩端螺旋体感染有关联。在职业方面，屠宰场工人似乎感染鹿源疾病的风险最大。疫苗接种可产生血清学反应，但在鹿中其预防疾病以及预防或减少尿液排菌的有效性尚未得到证实。需要对鹿钩端螺旋体感染的流行病学以及疫苗和疫苗接种方案的有效性有更深入的了解，以帮助养鹿业制定管理该疾病的策略。
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