Seeley J, Grellier R, Barnett T
School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
SAHARA J. 2004 Aug;1(2):87-98. doi: 10.1080/17290376.2004.9724831.
In discussions of gender and HIV/AIDS, attention has focused on prevention. This is a vital area. However, we argue that there is also a need to focus more attention on the resulting impact of the epidemic, because inequalities that promote the spread of infection are also hampering containment and impact mitigation. We propose a framework highlighting the gendered constraints exacerbated by the epidemic. These constraints are reviewed under the following headings: Gender-specific constraints: stemming from the specific nature of gender relations themselves, such as the availability of labour in agriculture, business and for household tasks, as well as access to services and markets, and the incidence of gendered violence. Gender-intensified disadvantages: stemming from the uneven and often inequitable distribution of resources between men and women, including cultural/religious conventions, and the social rules and norms that regulate property rights, inheritance practices and resource endowments. Gender-imposed constraints: resulting from biases and partialities of those individuals who have the authority and power to allocate resources. These include provision of credit, information, agricultural extension and health care. The differential involvement of men and women in development programmes affects access to resources, as does political participation, including involvement in the formulation of policies aimed at poverty reduction. These constraints take us beyond gender relations and sexual behaviour. But women's lives will not change in the short term. The challenges they face in mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS will not be addressed by focusing only on their specific vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection. Unequal gender relations and the nature of'development' need to be changed too.
在关于性别与艾滋病毒/艾滋病的讨论中，注意力主要集中在预防方面。这是一个至关重要的领域。然而，我们认为还需要更多地关注该流行病所产生的影响，因为那些促使感染传播的不平等现象也在阻碍着疫情的控制和影响的减轻。我们提出了一个框架，突出了因该流行病而加剧的性别限制。这些限制将在以下标题下进行审视：特定性别的限制：源于性别关系本身的特性，例如农业、商业及家务劳动中的劳动力供应情况，以及获得服务和市场的机会，还有性别暴力的发生率。性别加剧的劣势：源于男女之间资源分配不均且往往不公平，包括文化/宗教习俗，以及规范产权、继承惯例和资源禀赋的社会规则与规范。性别施加的限制：由有权分配资源的个人的偏见和偏袒所导致。这些包括信贷、信息、农业推广和医疗保健的提供。男女在发展项目中的不同参与情况会影响获得资源的机会，政治参与情况也是如此，包括参与制定旨在减贫的政策。这些限制使我们超越了性别关系和性行为。但女性的生活短期内不会改变。仅仅关注她们对艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染的特定易感性，无法解决她们在减轻艾滋病毒/艾滋病影响方面所面临的挑战。不平等的性别关系和“发展”的性质也需要改变。
