Shelnutt Susan R, Goad Phillip, Belsito Donald V
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, North Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2007 Jun;37(5):375-87. doi: 10.1080/10408440701266582.
Hexavalent chromium causes two types of dermatological toxicities: allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and skin ulcers. This report reviews the etiology, prevalence, pathology, dose-response, and prognosis of both of these reactions. Reports in the literature indicate that repeated exposure to hexavalent chromium in concentrations of 4-25 ppm can both induce sensitization and elicit chromium ACD. Exposure to 20 ppm hexavalent chromium can cause skin ulcers in nonsensitized people. The prevalence of chromium sensitivity in cement workers, exposed to 10-20 ppm hexavalent chromium for years, is approximately 4-5%. Chromium ACD can be a chronic debilitating disease, perhaps because chromium is ubiquitous in foods and in the environment and is difficult to avoid. Due to the high rates of sensitization in populations chronically exposed to chromium and the chronic nature of chromium ACD, some investigators recommend reducing the hexavalent chromiumconcentrations in consumer products, such as detergents, to less than 5 ppm.
过敏性接触性皮炎（ACD）和皮肤溃疡。本报告回顾了这两种反应的病因、患病率、病理学、剂量反应和预后情况。文献报告表明，反复接触浓度为4 - 25 ppm的六价铬既能诱发致敏，又能引发铬过敏性接触性皮炎。接触20 ppm的六价铬会使未致敏人群出现皮肤溃疡。多年来接触10 - 20 ppm六价铬的水泥工人中，铬过敏的患病率约为4 - 5%。铬过敏性接触性皮炎可能是一种慢性衰弱性疾病，这或许是因为铬在食物和环境中普遍存在且难以避免。鉴于长期接触铬的人群中致敏率较高以及铬过敏性接触性皮炎的慢性特性，一些研究人员建议将洗涤剂等消费品中的六价铬浓度降低至5 ppm以下。
