Gottschalk M, Laurent-Lewandowski S
Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Facultb áe medécine vetérínaire, Universitb ée Montreaĺ, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebéc J2S 2M2, Canada.
Rev Sci Tech. 2007 Apr;26(1):91-103.
Bacterial pathogens have evolved a whole range of anti-immune strategies to overcome both the innate and acquired immunity of their hosts. These strategies play a crucial role in the capacity of pathogens to trigger disease and also explain why it is so difficult to develop vaccines and to control these microorganisms. One of the main problems is that bacteria are highly antigenically diverse. The vaccination strategies for coping with this variability, which we are starting to understand more fully as a result of sequencing bacterial genomes, consist of using either several variants of one or more proteins capable of inducing protective antibodies, or else proteins (or protein fragments) or epitopes that have been relatively well preserved notably because they are involved in the pathogen's metabolism. The most sophisticated approach calls upon 'pan genomic' inverse vaccinology which compares the protein profiles of a large number of isolates from various strains of a single species in order to reveal the surface-expressed proteins present in all the isolates. Of these proteins, the ones which are expressed when the host is infected are then evaluated in order to determine their capacity to induce a protective immune response. So far this approach has been successful in controlling bacteria in humans and the way is now open for its application in veterinary medicine, thanks to progress with the genomic sequencing of pathogens of veterinary importance.
细菌病原体已经进化出一系列抗免疫策略，以克服宿主的固有免疫和获得性免疫。这些策略在病原体引发疾病的能力中起着关键作用，也解释了为什么开发疫苗和控制这些微生物如此困难。主要问题之一是细菌的抗原性高度多样。由于对细菌基因组进行测序，我们开始更全面地了解应对这种变异性的疫苗接种策略，包括使用一种或多种能够诱导保护性抗体的蛋白质的几种变体，或者使用那些相对保存完好的蛋白质（或蛋白质片段）或表位，特别是因为它们参与病原体的代谢。最复杂的方法是“泛基因组”反向疫苗学，它比较来自单个物种不同菌株的大量分离株的蛋白质谱，以揭示所有分离株中表面表达的蛋白质。在这些蛋白质中，对宿主感染时表达的蛋白质进行评估，以确定它们诱导保护性免疫反应的能力。到目前为止，这种方法在控制人类细菌方面已经取得成功，并且由于具有兽医重要性的病原体的基因组测序取得进展，现在将其应用于兽医学的道路已经打通。
