de Chastelaine Marianne, Friedman David, Cycowicz Yael M
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY 10032, USA.
J Cogn Neurosci. 2007 Aug;19(8):1286-301. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.8.1286.
Improvement in source memory performance throughout childhood is thought to be mediated by the development of executive control. As postretrieval control processes may be better time-locked to the recognition response rather than the retrieval cue, the development of processes underlying source memory was investigated with both stimulus- and response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs). These were recorded in children, adolescents, and adults during a recognition memory exclusion task. Green- and red-outlined pictures were studied, but were tested in black outline. The test requirement was to endorse old items shown in one study color ("targets") and to reject new items along with old items shown in the alternative study color ("nontargets"). Source memory improved with age. All age groups retrieved target and nontarget memories as reflected by reliable parietal episodic memory (EM) effects, a stimulus-locked ERP correlate of recollection. Response-locked ERPs to targets and nontargets diverged in all groups prior to the response, although this occurred at an increasingly earlier time point with age. We suggest these findings reflect the implementation of attentional control mechanisms to enhance target memories and facilitate response selection with the greatest and least success, respectively, in adults and children. In adults only, response-locked ERPs revealed an early-onsetting parietal negativity for nontargets, but not for targets. This was suggested to reflect adults' ability to consistently inhibit prepotent target responses for nontargets. The findings support the notion that the development of source memory relies on the maturation of control processes that serve to enhance accurate selection of task-relevant memories.
整个童年期源记忆表现的改善被认为是由执行控制的发展介导的。由于检索后控制过程可能与识别反应的时间锁定更好，而不是与检索线索，因此通过刺激锁定和反应锁定的事件相关电位（ERP）来研究源记忆基础过程的发展。这些电位是在儿童、青少年和成年人进行识别记忆排除任务时记录的。研究了绿色和红色轮廓的图片，但测试时图片为黑色轮廓。测试要求是认可在一种研究颜色中显示的旧项目（“目标”），并拒绝新项目以及在另一种研究颜色中显示的旧项目（“非目标”）。源记忆随着年龄的增长而改善。所有年龄组都能检索到目标和非目标记忆，这通过可靠的顶叶情景记忆（EM）效应反映出来，这是一种与回忆相关的刺激锁定ERP相关指标。在做出反应之前，所有组中对目标和非目标的反应锁定ERP都出现了差异，尽管这种差异随着年龄的增长发生的时间点越来越早。我们认为这些发现反映了注意力控制机制的实施，以分别增强目标记忆，并在成年人和儿童中以最大和最小的成功率促进反应选择。仅在成年人中，反应锁定ERP显示非目标有早期出现的顶叶负电位，但目标没有。这被认为反映了成年人持续抑制非目标的优势目标反应的能力。这些发现支持了源记忆的发展依赖于控制过程成熟的观点，这些控制过程有助于增强对与任务相关记忆的准确选择。
