Nowack Bernd, Bucheli Thomas D
Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa - Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Environ Pollut. 2007 Nov;150(1):5-22. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.006. Epub 2007 Jul 20.
The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles (NP) in industrial and household applications will very likely lead to the release of such materials into the environment. Assessing the risks of these NP in the environment requires an understanding of their mobility, reactivity, ecotoxicity and persistency. This review presents an overview of the classes of NP relevant to the environment and summarizes their formation, emission, occurrence and fate in the environment. The engineered NP are thereby compared to natural products such as soot and organic colloids. To date only few quantitative analytical techniques for measuring NP in natural systems are available, which results in a serious lack of information about their occurrence in the environment. Results from ecotoxicological studies show that certain NP have effects on organisms under environmental conditions, though mostly at elevated concentrations. The next step towards an assessment of the risks of NP in the environment should therefore be to estimate the exposure to the different NP. It is also important to notice that most NP in technical applications are functionalized and therefore studies using pristine NP may not be relevant for assessing the behavior of the NP actually used.
工程纳米颗粒（NP）在工业和家庭应用中的使用日益增加，很可能导致此类材料释放到环境中。评估这些纳米颗粒在环境中的风险需要了解它们的迁移性、反应性、生态毒性和持久性。本综述概述了与环境相关的纳米颗粒类别，并总结了它们在环境中的形成、排放、存在情况和归宿。由此将工程纳米颗粒与烟尘和有机胶体等天然产物进行了比较。迄今为止，用于测量自然系统中纳米颗粒的定量分析技术很少，这导致严重缺乏有关它们在环境中存在情况的信息。生态毒理学研究结果表明，某些纳米颗粒在环境条件下会对生物体产生影响，不过大多是在浓度升高时。因此，迈向评估纳米颗粒在环境中风险的下一步应该是估计对不同纳米颗粒的暴露情况。还需要注意的是，技术应用中的大多数纳米颗粒都经过了功能化处理，因此使用原始纳米颗粒的研究可能与评估实际使用的纳米颗粒行为无关。
