Gottschalk Fadri, Nowack Bernd
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St Gallen, Switzerland.
J Environ Monit. 2011 May;13(5):1145-55. doi: 10.1039/c0em00547a. Epub 2011 Mar 9.
There is scientific agreement that engineered nanomaterial (ENM) production, use and disposal lead to environmental release of ENM. However, very little is known on emissions of ENM to the environment. Currently, techniques are lacking to quantitatively monitor ENM emissions to and concentrations in the environment, and hence data on emissions and environmental concentrations are scarce. One of the few available studies reports the detection of nano-TiO(2) in water leaching from exterior facades. Some experimental evidence is available on the release of nanosized materials from commercial textiles during washing. A handful of modeling studies have investigated ENM release to the environment. These studies modeled either the release of ENMs to the environment from ENM containing products during the consumer usage, or the release throughout the whole life cycle of ENM and ENM-containing products. Sewage sludge, wastewater, and waste incineration of products containing ENM were shown to be the major flows through which ENMs end up in the environment. However, reliable data are particularly lacking on release during ENM production and on the application amounts and empirical information on release coefficients for all life cycle stages and environmental compartments. Quantitative data linking occupational exposure measurements and ENM emission flows into the environment are almost completely missing. Besides knowing the amounts of ENM released into the environment, it is equally important to investigate in what form ENMs are released. First results show that much of the ENM released from products is present in matrix-bound form, but that also some fraction is released as single, dispersed nanoparticles.
科学界一致认为，工程纳米材料（ENM）的生产、使用和处置会导致其向环境中释放。然而，对于ENM向环境中的排放情况却知之甚少。目前，缺乏定量监测ENM向环境中的排放及其在环境中浓度的技术，因此关于排放和环境浓度的数据十分稀少。为数不多的现有研究之一报告了在外墙沥出水中检测到纳米二氧化钛。有一些实验证据表明，商业纺织品在洗涤过程中会释放纳米材料。少数建模研究调查了ENM向环境中的释放情况。这些研究要么模拟了含ENM产品在消费者使用过程中向环境中释放ENM的情况，要么模拟了ENM及含ENM产品在整个生命周期中的释放情况。含有ENM的产品的污泥、废水和废物焚烧被证明是ENM最终进入环境的主要途径。然而，尤其缺乏关于ENM生产过程中的释放、所有生命周期阶段和环境 compartments的应用量以及释放系数的经验信息的可靠数据。几乎完全没有将职业暴露测量与ENM排放流入环境联系起来的定量数据。除了了解释放到环境中的ENM的数量外，研究ENM以何种形式释放同样重要。初步结果表明，从产品中释放的大部分ENM以与基质结合的形式存在，但也有一部分以单个分散的纳米颗粒形式释放。
