Menninger W Walter
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, USA.
Bull Menninger Clin. 2007 Spring;71(2):115-31. doi: 10.1521/bumc.2007.71.2.115.
Explosions of violent behavior have periodically riveted public attention. While such behavior may be associated with a major psychiatric illness, there is a continuing challenge to understand the emotional underpinnings of such behavior, the sources of aggression, hostility, anger, hate, rage, and violence. Analysts from Freud to Karl Menninger to Kernberg and Kohut have speculated as to the confluence of psychological and real forces that prompt violent outbursts. Other analysts have explored the manifestations of aggression and rage in infancy and childhood. An instance of a violent outburst is presented, and underlying factors are explored. Critical elements prompting such behavior include: (1) an individual perceives a narcissistic injury that is experienced as being profoundly unfair; (2) the individual has no hope for achieving a reasonable resolution of the injury; (3) the individual reaches the decision that the injury cannot be tolerated further and must be responded to with action; (4) the individual has access to weapons to enhance the capacity and potency to respond; and (5) the individual feels a sufficient sense of potency and/or disregard of the consequences to initiate violence.
暴力行为的爆发不时引起公众关注。虽然这种行为可能与某种严重的精神疾病有关，但要理解此类行为的情感基础、攻击、敌意、愤怒、仇恨、狂怒和暴力的根源，仍存在持续的挑战。从弗洛伊德到卡尔·门宁格，再到克恩伯格和科胡特的分析家们，都对促使暴力爆发的心理和现实力量的交汇进行了推测。其他分析家则探讨了攻击和狂怒在婴儿期和童年期的表现。本文呈现了一个暴力爆发的实例，并探究了其潜在因素。促使此类行为的关键因素包括：（1）个体察觉到一种被视为极其不公平的自恋性伤害；（2）个体对合理解决该伤害不抱希望；（3）个体决定该伤害无法再被容忍，必须采取行动回应；（4）个体能够获取武器以增强回应的能力和效力；（5）个体感到有足够的力量感和/或不顾后果地发起暴力。
