Rosenbaum David A, Cohen Rajal G, Jax Steven A, Weiss Daniel J, van der Wel Robrecht
Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
Hum Mov Sci. 2007 Aug;26(4):525-54. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2007.04.001. Epub 2007 Aug 14.
In a prescient paper Karl Lashley (1951) rejected reflex chaining accounts of the sequencing of behavior and argued instead for a more cognitive account in which behavioral sequences are typically controlled with central plans. An important feature of such plans, according to Lashley, is that they are hierarchical. Lashley offered several sources of evidence for the hierarchical organization for behavioral plans, and others afterward provided more evidence for this hypothesis. We briefly review that evidence here and then shift from a focus on the structure of plans (Lashley's point of concentration) to the processes by which plans are formed in real time. Two principles emerge from the studies we review. One is that plans are not formed from scratch for each successive movement sequence but instead are formed by making whatever changes are needed to distinguish the movement sequence to be performed next from the movement sequence that has just been performed. This plan-modification view is supported by two phenomena discovered in our laboratory: the parameter remapping effect, and the handpath priming effect. The other principle we review is that even single movements appear to be controlled with hierarchically organized plans. At the top level are the starting and goal postures. At the lower level are the intermediate states comprising the transition from the starting posture to the goal posture. The latter principle is supported by another phenomenon discovered in our lab, the end-state comfort effect, and by a computational model of motor planning which accounts for a large number of motor phenomena. Interestingly, the computational model hearkens back to a classical method of generating cartoon animations that relies on the production of keyframes first and the production of interframes (intermediate frames) second.
在一篇具有先见之明的论文中，卡尔·拉什利（1951年）摒弃了行为序列的反射链理论，转而支持一种更具认知性的理论，即行为序列通常由中央计划控制。拉什利认为，此类计划的一个重要特征是它们具有层级性。拉什利提供了行为计划层级组织的几个证据来源，后来其他人也为这一假设提供了更多证据。我们在此简要回顾一下这些证据，然后从关注计划的结构（拉什利的关注点）转向计划实时形成的过程。我们回顾的研究中出现了两条原则。一条原则是，计划并非针对每个连续的运动序列从头开始形成，而是通过做出必要的改变来形成，以便将接下来要执行的运动序列与刚刚执行过的运动序列区分开来。我们实验室发现的两种现象支持了这种计划修改观点：参数重映射效应和手部路径启动效应。我们回顾的另一条原则是，即使是单个动作似乎也由层级组织的计划控制。最高层级是起始姿势和目标姿势。较低层级是包括从起始姿势到目标姿势过渡的中间状态。后一条原则得到了我们实验室发现的另一种现象——最终状态舒适效应的支持，以及一个解释大量运动现象的运动计划计算模型的支持。有趣的是，这个计算模型让人回想起一种经典的制作卡通动画的方法，该方法首先依赖于生成关键帧，其次是生成中间帧（过渡帧）。
