Arnold Jennifer E, Kam Carla L Hudson, Tanenhaus Michael K
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2007 Sep;33(5):914-30. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.33.5.914.
Eye-tracking and gating experiments examined reference comprehension with fluent (Click on the red. . .) and disfluent (Click on [pause] thee uh red . . .) instructions while listeners viewed displays with 2 familiar (e.g., ice cream cones) and 2 unfamiliar objects (e.g., squiggly shapes). Disfluent instructions made unfamiliar objects more expected, which influenced listeners' on-line hypotheses from the onset of the color word. The unfamiliarity bias was sharply reduced by instructions that the speaker had object agnosia, and thus difficulty naming familiar objects (Experiment 2), but was not affected by intermittent sources of speaker distraction (beeps and construction noises; Experiments 3). The authors conclude that listeners can make situation-specific inferences about likely sources of disfluency, but there are some limitations to these attributions.
眼动追踪和选通实验在听众观看包含2个熟悉物体（如甜筒）和2个不熟悉物体（如波浪形状）的展示画面时，使用流畅（点击红色……）和不流畅（点击[停顿] thee uh红色……）的指示语来检验指称理解。不流畅的指示语使不熟悉物体更具可预期性，这从颜色词出现起就影响了听众的即时假设。当指示语表明说话者存在物体失认症，因此难以说出熟悉物体的名称时（实验2），不熟悉性偏差会大幅降低，但不受说话者间歇性干扰源（哔哔声和施工噪音；实验3）的影响。作者得出结论，听众可以针对不流畅的可能来源做出特定情境的推断，但这些归因存在一些局限性。
