Tinyakova Elena
Department of Philosophy, State University of Kursk, Kursk, Russia.
Coll Antropol. 2007 Jun;31(2):601-12.
Fieldwork is a branch of inseparable unity of natural and humanitarian sciences; it is aimed at the cultural origin of humanity on the maximum level of its variety. Practically all natural sciences have some space determined by ethnic conscience in nature cognition: ethnodemography, ethnobotany, ethnozoology, etc. Fieldwork guides the research of human culture from the laws of nature. This kind of knowledge is useful to balance human relations with nature and avoid conflicts. Peoples should exchange their wisdom in the dialogue with nature to be more safe. Fieldwork understood as traditional culture only, explaining the variety of ethnoses on our earth, is just the narrow and diachronic level of this branch of knowledge. The cosmological knowledge, where fantasy and not exhausted in its cognition understanding the world of nature are mixed, forms the source of fieldwork and in many respects explains the direction of knowledge: the man finds himself under the open sky, he is the child of nature. Then as time went on there appeared a gradual transition--first nature was creating the man, then by and by he began turning to answer nature by his activity. Nowadays the man is actively creating nature. There are two levels of fieldwork: the ancient one which deals with the origin of ethnoses and the modern one which explores how contemporary life is determined by ethnic specific traits. Fieldwork is the core of multidisciplinary situation in man's knowledge. It is related to such humanitarian sciences: semiotics, culturology, sociology, history, philosophy, literature, linguistics. In the cycle of natural sciences fieldwork stands close to anthropology, geography, biology, demography. Fieldwork as a science has the two main levels--the "sophy" level and the logos "level". The first one discovers wisdom of human life, the second one is aimed at logical structuring of knowledge, here proceed various classifications of peoples.
田野调查是自然科学与人文科学不可分割的统一体的一个分支；它旨在从人类文化多样性的最高层面探究人类的文化起源。实际上，所有自然科学在对自然的认知中都有一些受民族意识影响的领域：民族人口学、民族植物学、民族动物学等。田野调查从自然规律出发指导对人类文化的研究。这种知识有助于平衡人与自然的关系，避免冲突。人们应该在与自然的对话中交流智慧，以更加安全。仅将田野调查理解为传统文化，用以解释地球上各民族的多样性，只是该知识分支狭隘的、历时性的层面。宇宙学知识，其中幻想与对自然世界尚未穷尽的认知相互交织，构成了田野调查的源头，并在许多方面解释了知识的方向：人置身于开阔天空之下，他是自然的孩子。随着时间的推移，出现了一个逐渐的转变——起初是自然创造人，然后渐渐地人开始通过自己的活动反过来回应自然。如今，人在积极地创造自然。田野调查有两个层面：古代层面涉及民族的起源，现代层面则探索当代生活如何由民族特性决定。田野调查是人类知识多学科格局的核心。它与符号学、文化学、社会学、历史学、哲学、文学、语言学等人文学科相关。在自然科学的范畴内，田野调查与人类学、地理学、生物学、人口学关系密切。作为一门科学，田野调查有两个主要层面——“智慧”层面和“逻辑”层面。第一个层面揭示人类生活的智慧，第二个层面旨在对知识进行逻辑构建，在此进行各种民族分类。
