Bernard Craig E, Berry Maurice R, Wymer Larry J, Melnyk Lisa Jo
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Jan 25;389(2-3):514-21. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.044. Epub 2007 Sep 27.
A modified Press Sampler was evaluated to determine the efficiency of pesticide transfer from household surfaces to collection disks as compared to wiping with a solvent-moistened gauze pad. Organophosphate (OP), pyrazole, and pyrethroid pesticides were applied to three hard flooring materials and carpet at two loading rates. Surfaces were dried and press sampled using C(18), 100% cotton or polyurethane foam (PUF) for either 2 or 10 min or wiped with isopropanol-moistened gauze pads. Transfer efficiencies (TE, %) were calculated as a fraction of surface loadings captured simultaneously on foil deposition coupons. The highest mean TEs (17-55%) for the Press Sampler were observed for OPs from hard surfaces to C(18), considering both contact times. Cotton and PUF transferred 6-27% and 5-30% of OPs, respectively. Corresponding mean TEs for pyrazole and pyrethroid pesticides were only 3% (C(18)), 2-3% (cotton) and 1-2% (PUF). Wipes of hard surfaces removed 84-97% of all pesticides while wipes of carpet removed 31-39%, much higher than transferred to any Press Sampler materials. The mean TEs suggested that the extent of pesticide residue transfer was affected by surface type, pesticide class, and sampling procedure. Wiping was more efficient than press sampling for pesticide surface residue measurements, particularly for loading rates typical of residences.
对一种改良的按压采样器进行了评估，以确定与用溶剂湿润的纱布垫擦拭相比，农药从家庭表面转移到收集盘的效率。将有机磷酸酯（OP）、吡唑和拟除虫菊酯类农药以两种加载速率施用于三种硬地板材料和地毯上。表面干燥后，使用C(18)、100%纯棉或聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）进行2分钟或10分钟的按压采样，或用异丙醇湿润的纱布垫擦拭。转移效率（TE，%）计算为同时在箔沉积试样上捕获的表面负载量的分数。考虑到两种接触时间，从硬表面到C(18)，按压采样器对OPs的平均转移效率最高（17 - 55%）。棉花和PUF分别转移了6 - 27%和5 - 30%的OPs。吡唑和拟除虫菊酯类农药的相应平均转移效率仅为3%（C(18)）、2 - 3%（棉花）和1 - 2%（PUF）。硬表面的擦拭去除了所有农药的84 - 97%，而地毯的擦拭去除了31 - 39%，远高于转移到任何按压采样器材料上的量。平均转移效率表明，农药残留转移的程度受表面类型、农药类别和采样程序的影响。对于农药表面残留量的测量，擦拭比按压采样更有效，特别是对于住宅典型的加载速率。
