U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, 26 Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States of America.
U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 10;655:539-546. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.128. Epub 2018 Nov 19.
Pesticide misuse incidents in residential indoor areas are typically associated with misapplications that are inconsistent with the label directions of the product. Surface wipe sampling and analysis procedures are relied upon to evaluate the extent of indoor contamination and the remediation efforts successfully. In general, surface wipe sampling procedures are widely varied, which can complicate the comparison of the results and data interpretation. Wipe sampling parameters were studied for the insecticides malathion and carbaryl. The parameters evaluated include wipe media, wetting solvents, composite sampling, surface concentration, and the influence of differing product formulations. Porous and nonporous surfaces tested include vinyl tile, plywood and painted drywall (porous/permeable) and stainless steel and glass (nonporous/impermeable). Specific wipe materials included pre-packaged sterile-cotton gauze, pre-cleaned cotton twill, cotton balls, and a pre-packaged, pre-wetted wipe. Commercially available insecticide formulations were tested, and the results were compared to surfaces fortified with neat analytes to determine surface recovery results (efficiency). A sampling procedure to measure pesticide residues was developed, and variables associated with the sampling methods were evaluated to clarify how estimations of surface residues are impacted. Malathion recoveries were 73-86% for twill and pre-wetted, pre-packaged isopropanol wipes on nonporous materials. Malathion formulations ranged from 78 to 124% for pre-wetted, pre-packaged isopropanol wipes and cotton gauze wipes on nonporous materials. Carbaryl and carbaryl formulation recoveries were 82-115% and 77-110%, respectively, on nonporous surfaces for all tested wipe materials. While not every wipe sampling variable could be tested, the collected information from this study may be useful and applied to sampling plans for classes of chemicals with similar physicochemical properties.
住宅室内区域的农药误用事件通常与产品标签说明不一致的误用有关。表面擦拭采样和分析程序用于评估室内污染程度和修复工作的成功程度。一般来说，表面擦拭采样程序差异很大，这可能会使结果和数据解释的比较复杂化。对马拉硫磷和carbaryl 两种杀虫剂进行了擦拭采样参数研究。评估的参数包括擦拭介质、润湿溶剂、组合采样、表面浓度以及不同产品配方的影响。测试的多孔和非多孔表面包括乙烯基瓷砖、胶合板和涂漆石膏板（多孔/可渗透）以及不锈钢和玻璃（非多孔/不可渗透）。特定的擦拭材料包括预包装的无菌棉纱布、预清洁的棉斜纹布、棉球以及预包装的预润湿擦拭布。测试了市售的杀虫剂配方，并将结果与用纯分析物强化的表面进行比较，以确定表面回收结果（效率）。开发了一种测量农药残留的采样程序，并评估了与采样方法相关的变量，以阐明对表面残留的估计如何受到影响。马拉硫磷在非多孔材料上的回收率为 73-86%，采用斜纹布和预润湿、预包装的异丙醇擦拭布。马拉硫磷配方在非多孔材料上的回收率为 78-124%，采用预润湿、预包装的异丙醇擦拭布和棉纱布擦拭布。carbaryl 和 carbaryl 配方在非多孔表面上的回收率分别为 82-115%和 77-110%，所有测试的擦拭材料均如此。虽然并非所有擦拭采样变量都可以进行测试，但本研究收集的信息可能有用，并可应用于具有类似物理化学性质的化学物质类别的采样计划。
