Keith Nina, Ericsson K Anders
Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
J Exp Psychol Appl. 2007 Sep;13(3):135-45. doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.13.3.135.
The concept of deliberate practice was introduced to explain exceptional performance in domains such as music and chess. We apply deliberate practice theory to intermediate-level performance in typing, an activity that many people pursue on a regular basis. Sixty university students with several years typing experience participated in laboratory sessions that involved the assessment of abilities, a semistructured interview on typing experience as well as various typing tasks. In line with traditional theories of skill acquisition, experience (amount of typing since introduction to the keyboard) was related to typing performance. A perceptual speed test (digit-symbol substitution) and a measure of motor abilities (tapping) were not significantly related to performance. In line with deliberate practice theory, the highest level of performance was reported among participants who had attended a typing class in the past and who reported to adopt the goal of typing quickly during everyday typing. Findings suggest that even after several years of experience engagement in an everyday activity can serve as an opportunity for further skill improvement if individuals are willing to push themselves.
刻意练习的概念被引入以解释在音乐和国际象棋等领域的卓越表现。我们将刻意练习理论应用于打字这一许多人经常进行的中级水平活动。60名有几年打字经验的大学生参加了实验室课程,其中包括能力评估、关于打字经验的半结构化访谈以及各种打字任务。与传统的技能习得理论一致,经验(自接触键盘以来的打字量)与打字表现相关。一项感知速度测试(数字符号替换)和一项运动能力测量(敲击)与表现没有显著相关性。与刻意练习理论一致,在过去上过打字课且在日常打字中以快速打字为目标的参与者中,报告的表现水平最高。研究结果表明,即使经过数年的经验积累,如果个人愿意挑战自我,参与日常活动也可以成为进一步提高技能的机会。