Spring Bonnie, Cook Jessica Werth, Appelhans Bradley, Maloney Anne, Richmond Malia, Vaughn Jocelyn, Vanderveen Joseph, Hedeker Donald
Hines Hospital, VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, USA.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 Feb;196(3):461-71. doi: 10.1007/s00213-007-0977-7. Epub 2007 Oct 25.
Comorbidity between cigarette smoking and depression is thought to arise because depression-prone smokers self-administer nicotine to improve mood. Yet little evidence supports this view, and nicotine's effect on positive affect deficiency in depression remains largely unstudied.
We hypothesized that (1) nicotine would dispel negative affect and enhance positive affect and (2) effects would be stronger for smokers vulnerable to depression, particularly during a depressed state.
Regular smokers (N = 165) were recruited from the community: 63 with no history of major depressive disorder (MDD), 61 with recurrent past but no current MDD, and 41 with both current and past MDD. During four sessions, participants smoked either a nicotinized (NIC+) or denicotinized (NIC-) cigarette double blind after experiencing a negative mood induction or while undergoing a positive mood induction. Positive and negative affects were measured at baseline and at two time points after smoking.
Previously depressed smokers showed a heightened positive mood response to positive mood induction when smoking a nicotinized cigarette. Nicotine also increased the degree to which positive mood induction dispelled negative mood in depression-vulnerable smokers. Finally, nicotine worsened the negative affect response to negative mood induction for all groups.
Self-administering nicotine appears to improve depression-prone smokers' emotional response to a pleasant stimulus.
吸烟与抑郁症之间的共病被认为是由于易患抑郁症的吸烟者自行服用尼古丁来改善情绪。然而，几乎没有证据支持这一观点，而且尼古丁对抑郁症中积极情感缺乏的影响在很大程度上仍未得到研究。
我们假设（1）尼古丁会消除消极情绪并增强积极情绪，（2）对于易患抑郁症的吸烟者，尤其是在抑郁状态下，这种影响会更强。
从社区招募了165名规律吸烟者：63名无重度抑郁症（MDD）病史，61名有复发性既往但目前无MDD，41名既有当前MDD又有既往MDD。在四个阶段中，参与者在经历消极情绪诱导后或在进行积极情绪诱导时，双盲状态下吸食一支含尼古丁（NIC+）或不含尼古丁（NIC-）的香烟。在基线以及吸烟后的两个时间点测量积极和消极情绪。
既往患过抑郁症的吸烟者在吸食含尼古丁香烟时，对积极情绪诱导表现出增强的积极情绪反应。尼古丁还增加了积极情绪诱导消除易患抑郁症吸烟者消极情绪的程度。最后，尼古丁使所有组对消极情绪诱导的消极情绪反应恶化。
自行服用尼古丁似乎能改善易患抑郁症吸烟者对愉快刺激的情绪反应。
