Patalano Andrea L, Ross Brian H
Dept. of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2007 Aug;14(4):629-34. doi: 10.3758/bf03196812.
Both real-world category knowledge and instance-based sample data are often available as sources of inductive inference. In three experiments using natural social categories, we test the influence of generalcategory knowledge on the use of category instances to make property inductions both to other category members and to others in the population. We find that a category's coherence--the extent to which its features are interrelated through prior knowledge (Murphy & Medin, 1985)--influences inductions positively to new category members and negatively to the population. This effect of coherence is strongest with small as compared with large samples of instances. The results are interpreted from both similarity and explanation-based perspectives.
现实世界中的类别知识和基于实例的样本数据通常都可作为归纳推理的来源。在三项使用自然社会类别的实验中，我们测试了一般类别知识对利用类别实例进行属性归纳的影响，这些归纳既涉及其他类别成员，也涉及总体中的其他个体。我们发现，一个类别的连贯性——即其特征通过先验知识相互关联的程度（墨菲和梅丁，1985年）——对新类别成员的归纳有积极影响，而对总体的归纳有消极影响。与大量实例样本相比，连贯性的这种影响在小样本中最为明显。我们从相似性和基于解释的角度对结果进行了解释。
