Hotz Christine
HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA.
Food Nutr Bull. 2007 Sep;28(3 Suppl):S430-53. doi: 10.1177/15648265070283S304.
The assessment of dietary zinc intakes is an important component of evaluating the risk of zinc deficiency in populations, and for designing appropriate food-based interventions, including fortification, to improve zinc intakes. The prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes can describe the relative magnitude of the risk of zinc deficiency in the population and identify subpopulations at elevated risk. As a cornerstone to evaluating the adequacy of population zinc intakes globally, a set of internationally appropriate dietary reference intakes must be defined. The World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency (WHO/FAO/IAEA) and the Food and Nutrition Board/US Institute of Medicine (FNB/IOM) have presented estimated average requirements (EAR) for dietary zinc intake, and, more recently, the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) presented a revised set of recommendations for international use. A prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes greater than 25% is considered to represent an elevated risk of population zinc deficiency. As the requirement estimates are derived from smaller, clinical studies and, for children, most components of the estimates are extrapolated from data for adults, it was desirable to evaluate their internal validity. The estimated physiological requirements for adult men and women appear to adequately predict zinc status as determined by biochemical indicators of status and/or zinc balance. With the use of data from available studies, the reported prevalence of low serum zinc concentration and the estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes predict similar levels of risk of zinc deficiency, particularly among pregnant and nonpregnant women. Conformity between these two indicators is less consistent for children, suggesting that further data and/or direct studies of zinc requirements among children are needed.
评估膳食锌摄入量是评估人群锌缺乏风险的重要组成部分,也是设计适当的基于食物的干预措施(包括强化)以提高锌摄入量的重要组成部分。锌摄入量不足的患病率可以描述人群中锌缺乏风险的相对程度,并识别高风险亚人群。作为全球评估人群锌摄入量充足性的基石,必须定义一套国际适用的膳食参考摄入量。世界卫生组织/联合国粮食及农业组织/国际原子能机构(WHO/FAO/IAEA)以及美国医学研究所食品与营养委员会(FNB/IOM)已经提出了膳食锌摄入量的估计平均需求量(EAR),最近,国际锌营养咨询小组(IZiNCG)提出了一套修订后的国际通用建议。锌摄入量不足的患病率大于25%被认为代表人群锌缺乏风险升高。由于需求估计值来自规模较小的临床研究,并且对于儿童而言,估计值的大多数组成部分是从成人数据外推而来的,因此有必要评估其内部有效性。成年男性和女性的估计生理需求量似乎能够充分预测由状态生化指标和/或锌平衡所确定的锌状态。利用现有研究的数据,报告的低血清锌浓度患病率和估计的锌摄入量不足患病率预测了相似的锌缺乏风险水平,尤其是在孕妇和非孕妇中。这两个指标之间的一致性在儿童中不太一致,这表明需要更多关于儿童锌需求的数据和/或直接研究。