Roth Richard, Voas Robert, Marques Paul
Impact DWI, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2007 Dec;8(4):346-52. doi: 10.1080/15389580701598559.
Vehicle interlocks have been shown to effectively reduce the recidivism of multiple driving-while-impaired (DWI) offenders; however, the evidence for their effectiveness with first offenders has been mixed. Two Canadian studies found that the installation of an interlock reduced first DWI recidivism, but U.S. studies in West Virginia and California failed to find a significant reduction in recidivism for first DWI offenders in interlock programs. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which such devices were effective with first offenders in New Mexico.
This study compared 1,461 first offenders, who installed interlocks in New Mexico between January 1, 2003, and December 1, 2005, with 17,562 first offenders convicted during the same period who did not install the units. Cox multivariate proportional hazards regression (CMVPHR) was used to compare recidivism rates during three periods: while the interlock was on the vehicles of offenders who installed them, after those offenders removed the units until the end of the study period (approximately 2 years), and for the combined period (both while the interlock was installed and after it was removed).
While the device was on the vehicles of the interlock group, their recidivism rate, 2.6% per year of exposure, was significantly less than the 7.1% per year rate of the comparison group (CMVPHR hazard ratio = 0.39, p < 0.0001). After the device was removed, the annualized recidivism rate of the interlock group increased to 4.9% per year of exposure, which was less than the 6.7% rate of the comparison group, but the hazard ratio was not statistically significant (CMVPHR hazard ratio = 0.82, p = 0.16). When the combined periods (interlock on and off) were considered, the interlock group had a recidivism rate of 3.9% per year, which again was significantly lower than the 6.8% rate for the comparison group (CMVPHR hazard ratio = 0.61, p < 0.0001).
The study provides evidence that interlocks are as effective with first offenders (approximately 60% reduction in recidivism when on the vehicle) as they are for multiple offenders. In addition, the benefits of requiring an interlock for first offenders exceed the costs by a factor of three.
车辆联锁装置已被证明能有效降低多次酒后驾车（DWI）罪犯的累犯率；然而，其对初犯者有效性的证据却参差不齐。两项加拿大研究发现，安装联锁装置可降低初次酒后驾车的累犯率，但美国西弗吉尼亚州和加利福尼亚州的研究未能发现联锁计划中的初次酒后驾车罪犯的累犯率有显著降低。本研究的目的是确定此类装置在新墨西哥州对初犯者的有效程度。
本研究将2003年1月1日至2005年12月1日期间在新墨西哥州安装了联锁装置的1461名初犯者与同期被定罪的17562名未安装该装置的初犯者进行了比较。采用Cox多变量比例风险回归（CMVPHR）来比较三个时期的累犯率：在安装联锁装置的罪犯车辆上安装该装置期间、这些罪犯拆除装置后至研究期结束（约2年）以及综合期（安装联锁装置期间和拆除后）。
当该装置安装在联锁组的车辆上时，他们每年的累犯率为2.6%，显著低于对照组每年7.1%的累犯率（CMVPHR风险比 = 0.39，p < 0.0001）。装置拆除后，联锁组的年化累犯率升至每年4.9%，低于对照组的6.7%，但风险比无统计学意义（CMVPHR风险比 = 0.82，p = 0.16）。当考虑综合期（联锁装置安装和拆除）时，联锁组的累犯率为每年3.9%，再次显著低于对照组的6.8%（CMVPHR风险比 = 0.61，p < 0.0001）。
该研究提供的证据表明，联锁装置对初犯者（车辆安装时累犯率降低约60%）与对多次犯罪者一样有效。此外，要求初犯者安装联锁装置的益处超过成本三倍。
