Brotherhood John R
The University of Sydney, Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australia.
J Sci Med Sport. 2008 Jan;11(1):6-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.017. Epub 2007 Nov 9.
Heat stress arising from the thermal environment is of concern to sports medicine and to sports administration because of the perceived risk of heat casualties, in particular heat stroke. Many sports organizations recommend environmental indices such as the WBGT for assessing risk and setting environmental limits for training and competition. But the limits are not justified by evidence. This article describes the nature of heat stress in sport and how it may be assessed objectively. Heat stress and the principal human responses to exercise heat stress are reviewed briefly. Metabolic heat production and the thermal environment provoke separate and largely independent physiological strains. Metabolic heat production drives body core temperature, and the thermal environment drives skin temperature; the combined stresses are integrated to drive sweat rate. Control of core temperature depends on adequate sweat production and the capacity of the environment to evaporate the sweat. The nature of exercise heat stress is demonstrated by rational analysis of the physical heat exchanges between the body and the environment. The principles of this analysis are applied to critical review of current practice in the assessment of heat stress in sport. The article concludes with discussion of research to establish methods for objective sport-specific assessment of heat stress.
热环境引起的热应激受到运动医学和体育管理部门的关注，因为人们认为存在热伤亡风险，尤其是中暑风险。许多体育组织推荐诸如湿球黑球温度（WBGT）等环境指标来评估风险，并为训练和比赛设定环境限制。但这些限制并无证据支持。本文描述了运动中热应激的本质以及如何对其进行客观评估。简要回顾了热应激以及人体对运动热应激的主要反应。代谢产热和热环境引发各自独立且在很大程度上互不相关的生理应激。代谢产热驱动身体核心温度，热环境驱动皮肤温度；两种应激综合作用驱动出汗率。核心温度的调节取决于足够的汗液分泌以及环境蒸发汗液的能力。通过对人体与环境之间物理热交换的合理分析，展示了运动热应激的本质。该分析原理被应用于对当前运动中热应激评估实践的批判性审视。文章最后讨论了建立针对特定运动的热应激客观评估方法的研究。
