Khan S J, Roser D J, Davies C M, Peters G M, Stuetz R M, Tucker R, Ashbolt N J
Centre for Water and Waste Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2054, Australia.
Environ Int. 2008 Aug;34(6):839-59. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.10.007. Epub 2007 Dec 4.
Commercial feedlots for beef cattle finishing are potential sources of a range of trace chemicals which have human health or environmental significance. To ensure adequate protection of human and environmental health from exposure to these chemicals, the application of effective manure and effluent management practices is warranted. The Australian meat and livestock industry has adopted a proactive approach to the identification of best management practices. Accordingly, this review was undertaken to identify key chemical species that may require consideration in the development of guidelines for feedlot manure and effluent management practices in Australia. Important classes of trace chemicals identified include steroidal hormones, antibiotics, ectoparasiticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals and dioxins. These are described in terms of their likely sources, expected concentrations and public health or environmental significance based on international data and research. Androgenic hormones such as testosterone and trenbolone are significantly active in feedlot wastes, but they are poorly understood in terms of fate and environmental implications. The careful management of residues of antibiotics including virginiamycin, tylosin and oxytetracycline appears prudent in terms of minimising the risk of potential public health impacts from resistant strains of bacteria. Good management of ectoparasiticides including synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fluazuron, and amitraz is important for the prevention of potential ecological implications, particularly towards dung beetles. Very few of these individual chemical contaminants have been thoroughly investigated in terms of concentrations, effects and attenuation in Australian feedlot wastes.
用于肉牛育肥的商业饲养场是一系列具有人类健康或环境意义的微量化学物质的潜在来源。为确保充分保护人类和环境健康免受这些化学物质的影响，有必要采用有效的粪便和废水管理措施。澳大利亚肉类和畜牧业已采取积极主动的方法来确定最佳管理措施。因此，开展本次综述以确定在制定澳大利亚饲养场粪便和废水管理措施指南时可能需要考虑的关键化学物质种类。已确定的重要微量化学物质类别包括甾体激素、抗生素、杀外寄生虫剂、霉菌毒素、重金属和二恶英。根据国际数据和研究，对这些物质的可能来源、预期浓度以及对公众健康或环境的意义进行了描述。睾酮和群勃龙等雄激素在饲养场废物中具有显著活性，但人们对它们的归宿和环境影响了解甚少。就将耐药菌株对公众健康造成潜在影响的风险降至最低而言，谨慎管理包括维吉尼亚霉素、泰乐菌素和土霉素在内的抗生素残留似乎是明智的。对包括合成拟除虫菊酯、大环内酯类、氟唑脲和双甲脒在内的杀外寄生虫剂进行良好管理对于预防潜在的生态影响非常重要，尤其是对蜣螂的影响。在澳大利亚饲养场废物中，就这些化学污染物的浓度、影响和衰减而言，很少有对其进行全面研究的。
