Hildebrandt S
Division of Anatomical Sciences, Office of Medical Education, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0608, USA.
Clin Anat. 2008 Jan;21(1):5-14. doi: 10.1002/ca.20571.
Anatomical science has used the bodies of the executed for dissection over many centuries. As anatomy has developed into a vehicle of not only scientific but also moral and ethical education, it is important to consider the source of human bodies for dissection and the manner of their acquisition. From the thirteenth to the early seventeenth century, the bodies of the executed were the only legal source of bodies for dissection. Starting in the late seventeenth century, the bodies of unclaimed persons were also made legally available. With the developing movement to abolish the death penalty in many countries around the world and with the renunciation of the use of the bodies of the executed by the British legal system in the nineteenth century, two different practices have developed in that there are Anatomy Departments who use the bodies of the executed for dissection or research and those who do not. The history of the use of bodies of the executed in German Anatomy Departments during the National Socialist regime is an example for the insidious slide from an ethical use of human bodies in dissection to an unethical one. There are cases of contemporary use of unclaimed or donated bodies of the executed, but they are rarely well documented. The intention of this review is to initiate an ethical discourse about the use of the bodies of the executed in contemporary anatomy.
几个世纪以来，解剖学一直利用被处决者的尸体进行解剖。随着解剖学不仅发展成为科学教育的工具，还成为道德和伦理教育的工具，考虑用于解剖的人体来源及其获取方式就变得很重要。从13世纪到17世纪初，被处决者的尸体是唯一合法的解剖用尸体来源。从17世纪后期开始，无人认领者的尸体也被合法提供用于解剖。随着世界上许多国家废除死刑运动的发展，以及英国法律体系在19世纪放弃使用被处决者的尸体，出现了两种不同的做法：有些解剖学系使用被处决者的尸体进行解剖或研究，而有些则不使用。纳粹政权时期德国解剖学系使用被处决者尸体的历史，就是一个从在解剖中道德使用人体到不道德使用人体的阴险转变的例子。当代有使用无人认领或捐赠的被处决者尸体的情况，但相关记录很少。这篇综述的目的是引发一场关于当代解剖学中使用被处决者尸体的伦理讨论。
