Casa Douglas J, Becker Shannon M, Ganio Matthew S, Brown Christopher M, Yeargin Susan W, Roti Melissa W, Siegler Jason, Blowers Julie A, Glaviano Neal R, Huggins Robert A, Armstrong Lawrence E, Maresh Carl M
Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Neag Schoolof Education, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA.
J Athl Train. 2007 Jul-Sep;42(3):333-42.
Rectal temperature is recommended by the National Athletic Trainers' Association as the criterion standard for recognizing exertional heat stroke, but other body sites commonly are used to measure temperature. Few authors have assessed the validity of the thermometers that measure body temperature at these sites in athletic settings.
To assess the validity of commonly used temperature devices at various body sites during outdoor exercise in the heat.
Observational field study.
Outdoor athletic facilities.
Fifteen men and 10 women (age = 26.5 +/- 5.3 years, height = 174.3 +/- 11.1 cm, mass = 72.73 +/- 15.95 kg, body fat = 16.2 +/- 5.5%).
INTERVENTION(S): We simultaneously tested inexpensive and expensive devices orally and in the axillary region, along with measures of aural, gastrointestinal, forehead, temporal, and rectal temperatures. Temporal temperature was measured according to the instruction manual and a modified method observed in medical tents at local road races. We also measured forehead temperatures directly on the athletic field (other measures occurred in a covered pavilion) where solar radiation was greater. Rectal temperature was the criterion standard used to assess the validity of all other devices. Subjects' temperatures were measured before exercise, every 60 minutes during 180 minutes of exercise, and every 20 minutes for 60 minutes of postexercise recovery. Temperature devices were considered invalid if the mean bias (average difference between rectal temperature and device temperature) was greater than +/-0.27 degrees C (+/-0.5 degrees F).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Temperature from each device at each site and time point.
Mean bias for the following temperatures was greater than the allowed limit of +/-0.27 degrees C (+/-0.5 degrees F): temperature obtained via expensive oral device (-1.20 degrees C [-2.17 degrees F]), inexpensive oral device (-1.67 degrees C [-3.00 degrees F]), expensive axillary device (-2.58 degrees C [-4.65 degrees F]), inexpensive axillary device (-2.07 degrees C [-3.73 degrees F]), aural method (-1.00 degrees C [-1.80 degrees F]), temporal method according to instruction manual (-1.46 degrees C [-2.64 degrees F]), modified temporal method (-1.36 degrees C [-2.44 degrees F]), and forehead temperature on the athletic field (0.60 degrees C [1.08 degrees F]). Mean bias for gastrointestinal temperature (-0.19 degrees C [-0.34 degrees F]) and forehead temperature in the pavillion (-0.14 degrees C [-0.25 degrees F]) was less than the allowed limit of +/-0.27 degrees C (+/-0.5 degrees F). Forehead temperature depended on the setting in which it was measured and showed greater variation than other temperatures.
Compared with rectal temperature (the criterion standard), gastrointestinal temperature was the only measurement that accurately assessed core body temperature. Oral, axillary, aural, temporal, and field forehead temperatures were significantly different from rectal temperature and, therefore, are considered invalid for assessing hyperthermia in individuals exercising outdoors in the heat.
美国国家运动训练协会推荐直肠温度作为识别运动性中暑的标准，但其他身体部位也常用于测量体温。很少有作者评估在运动环境中测量这些部位体温的温度计的有效性。
评估在炎热环境下户外运动期间，常用体温测量设备在不同身体部位的有效性。
观察性现场研究。
户外体育设施。
15名男性和10名女性（年龄 = 26.5 ± 5.3岁，身高 = 174.3 ± 11.1厘米，体重 = 72.73 ± 15.95千克，体脂 = 16.2 ± 5.5%）。
我们同时测试了廉价和昂贵的设备在口腔和腋窝区域的温度，并测量了耳温、胃肠温、额头温度、颞部温度和直肠温度。颞部温度根据说明书并采用在当地公路赛医疗帐篷中观察到的改良方法进行测量。我们还在太阳辐射更强的运动场上直接测量额头温度（其他测量在有遮盖的亭子里进行）。直肠温度是用于评估所有其他设备有效性的标准。在运动前、运动180分钟期间每60分钟以及运动后恢复60分钟期间每20分钟测量受试者的体温。如果平均偏差（直肠温度与设备温度之间的平均差值）大于±0.27摄氏度（±0.5华氏度），则认为温度设备无效。
每个设备在每个部位和时间点的温度。
以下温度的平均偏差大于允许的±0.27摄氏度（±0.5华氏度）限值：通过昂贵口腔设备测得的温度（-1.20摄氏度[-2.17华氏度]）、廉价口腔设备（-1.67摄氏度[-3.00华氏度]）、昂贵腋窝设备（-2.58摄氏度[-4.65华氏度]）、廉价腋窝设备（-2.07摄氏度[-3.73华氏度]）、耳温测量法（-1.00摄氏度[-1.80华氏度]）、根据说明书的颞部测量法（-1.46摄氏度[-2.64华氏度]）、改良颞部测量法（-1.36摄氏度[-2.44华氏度]）以及运动场上的额头温度（0.60摄氏度[1.08华氏度]）。胃肠温度（-0.19摄氏度[-0.34华氏度]）和亭子里的额头温度（-0.14摄氏度[-0.25华氏度]）的平均偏差小于允许的±0.27摄氏度（±0.5华氏度）限值。额头温度取决于测量的环境，并且比其他温度表现出更大的变化。
与直肠温度（标准）相比，胃肠温度是唯一能准确评估核心体温的测量方法。口腔、腋窝、耳温、颞部和运动场上的额头温度与直肠温度有显著差异，因此被认为在评估炎热环境下户外运动个体的体温过高情况时无效。
