Kolachala Vasantha L, Bajaj Rahul, Chalasani Meghana, Sitaraman Shanthi V
Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):G401-10. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00454.2007. Epub 2007 Dec 6.
Purinergic receptors comprise a family of transmembrane receptors that are activated by extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides. The two major classes of purinergic receptors, P1 and P2, are expressed widely in the gastrointestinal tract as well as immune cells. The purinergic receptors serve a variety of functions from acting as neurotransmitters, to autocoid and paracrine signaling, to cell activation and immune response. Nucleosides and nucleotide agonist of purinergic receptors are released by many cell types in response to specific physiological signals, and their levels are increased during inflammation. In the past decade, the advent of genetic knockout mice and the development of highly potent and selective agonists and antagonists for the purinergic receptors have significantly advanced the understanding of purinergic receptor signaling in health and inflammation. In fact, agonist/antagonists of purinergic receptors are emerging as therapeutic modalities to treat intestinal inflammation. In this article, the distribution of the purinergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and their physiological and pathophysiological role in intestinal inflammation will be reviewed.
嘌呤能受体是一类跨膜受体家族，可被细胞外核苷和核苷酸激活。嘌呤能受体主要分为P1和P2两大类型，在胃肠道以及免疫细胞中广泛表达。嘌呤能受体具有多种功能，从充当神经递质，到自分泌和旁分泌信号传导，再到细胞活化和免疫反应。嘌呤能受体的核苷和核苷酸激动剂可由多种细胞类型响应特定生理信号而释放，并且在炎症期间其水平会升高。在过去十年中，基因敲除小鼠的出现以及针对嘌呤能受体的高效和选择性激动剂及拮抗剂的开发，显著推动了对嘌呤能受体在健康和炎症中的信号传导的理解。事实上，嘌呤能受体激动剂/拮抗剂正成为治疗肠道炎症的治疗手段。本文将综述嘌呤能受体在胃肠道中的分布及其在肠道炎症中的生理和病理生理作用。
